Table of Content

27 August 2013, Volume 19 Issue 4

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Preparation and Phosphorus Removal of Complex Phosphate Adsorbent from Lanthanum and Iron

ZHANG Ling, LI Meng-xue, ZHOU Qi

2013, 19(4):  331-335.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2013.04.001

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Complex phosphate adsorbent, denoted as LaFe-activated carbon fiber (LaFe-ACF), was prepared from lanthanum, iron and activated carbon fiber using a liquid phase deposition method. Single factors such as Fe/La ratio and total concentration of metal ions were discussed. The results show that the best Fe/La ratio is 3∶7, and the best concentration of metal ion solution is 0.15 mol/L. The phosphorus removal performance of LaFe-ACF was investigated in static and dynamic adsorption experiments. The isothermal adsorption study of the LaFe-ACF showed that Langmuir isotherm fit the experimental data quite well, indicating that the adsorption process was mainly through single-molecule chemisorption on the surface, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 29.44 mg/g.

Synthesis and Characterization of High Molecular Weight Poly L-lactic Acid

XU Hong, ZHANG Bao-hua, TENG Cui-qing, YU Mu-huo

2013, 19(4):  336-339. 

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An effective method to prepare high molecular weight poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) is reported. In this new process, a low molecular weight carboxyl terminated prepolymer was synthesized via polycondensation of L-lactic acid and a little adipic acid, and then the molecular weight was increased by a chain-extending reaction using 711 epoxy resin as a chain extender. The effect of synthetic condition, such as reaction temperature and content of the chain extender, on the molecular weight of PLLA was discussed. The average molecular weight was up to 150 000 at an optimum synthetic condition. 1H-NMR and FTIR were used to characterize the polymers and the results indicated that high molecular weight PLLA was synthesized by the reaction between epoxy groups at the end of 711 epoxy resin and carboxyl end groups of PLLA prepolymer.

Electrical Conductivity of Pressure Elevated Pressure CO₂/CH₃CN/TBAPF₆ Mixture

YAN Hao1, WANG Wen-ming1, KAWAAI Akiko2, OTAKE Katsto3

2013, 19(4):  340-344. 

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The conductivity of pressure-elevated CO₂/CH₃CN/TBAPF₆ mixture was determined using an AC impedance method. After adding CO₂, conductivity of the pressure-elevated mixture experienced three stages: first dropping rapidly, then rising rapidly and finally slowly dropping. Based on the information obtained by the phase observation and dielectric constant determination of the CO₂/CH₃CN mixed solvent, the possible effect of CO₂ on conductivity of the CO₂/CH₃CN/TBAPF₆ mixture is discussed.

Response and Bioaccumulation of Lead by Benthic Invertebrate Chironomus Larvae from a Heavily Polluted Urban River

LIANG Xia, ZHANG Xiu-yun, HE Chi-quan, LIU Jia-miao

2013, 19(4):  345-353.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2013.04.004

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Chironomus larvae, an especially abundant benthic invertebrate assemblage in heavily polluted
urban rivers in Shanghai was collected from the water body and exposed to water and sediments that artificially enriched with a range of lead (Pb) concentrations. The Chironomus larvae showed a strong ability to tolerant Pb²⁺ toxicity so that the acute toxicity values was 48 h LC50 3.8 g/L. Bioaccumulation of Pb²⁺ by the Chironomus larvae increased with the increasing concentration of Pb²⁺.The maximum bioaccumulation observed in this study was 3.76 mg/g larva, occurring under water Pb²⁺ concentration of 100 mg/L. Toxicological response of Pb²⁺ for Chironomus larvae was evaluated by two biomarkers, the metalloenzymes linked superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the metallothionein (MT). Both biomarkers reached peak values with the exposure time, except for the drastic fluctuation in SOD activity at 500 mg/kg sediments Pb²⁺ concentration. The food chain transfer of Pb²⁺ from the Chironomus larvae to freshwater farmed fish. Crucian carp (Carassius Carassius L) was investigated by feeding carps with lead-contaminated Chironomus larvae. The concentrations of tissue Pb in carp were significantly elevated above the control levels after Chironomus feeding 9 days. This study helps understand the Chironomus larva toxicological response and bioaccumulation for metal Pb(Ⅱ).

Simultaneous Analysis of Triclosan and Methyl-triclosan in Fish Samples by Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

2013, 19(4):  354-357.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2013.04.005

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Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of triclosan (TCS) and methyl-triclosan (MTCS) in fish samples. Parameters affecting both derivatization and clean-up procedures were studied. After extracting with hexane and actone (Vhexane∶Vactone=1∶1), cleaning-up with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and silica gel packed column, the residues were derivatized with acetic anhydride and analyzed by GC/MS. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range was 5~500 pg/μL for TCS and 2~500 pg/μL for MTCS. The correlation coefficient R was above 0.99 for the analytes, with the limit of detection (LOD) 1.3 and 0.8 pg/μL, respectively. Good recoveries (83%~89% for TCS and 85%~98% for MTCS) were achieved in the spiking experiments. The established method was successfully applied to determine this analytes in real fish samples.

In Situ Formation of Organic Multivariate Layer Double
Hydroxides in Electroplating Wastewater

RUAN Xiu-xiu, XU Nan-nan, LIN Yu, QIAN Guang-ren

2013, 19(4):  358-362. 

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This paper proposes a method of removing heavy metal ions from electroplating wastewater by layer double hydroxides (LDHs) synthesized in situ. The addition of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as intercalated anions results in a good removal effect of the heavy metals. The rate of removal of Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Ni²⁺  and Cu²⁺can reach 94.9%.

Pyrene Degradation Effect with Celery Root in Combined Pollution Soil in Simulated Wetland

WANG Qian, LIU Xiao-yan, WEI Jing, LI Hong-bing, LI Xin, HUANG Yi-ning, XIA Jing

2013, 19(4):  363-367.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2013.04.007

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This paper studies combined polluted wetland soils in Wusong estuary. Celery root with efficient degradation effect for pyrene was selected in combined pollution soil with pyrene, Pb and diesel in simulated wetland environment. The bioremediation effects and characteristics of the combined polluted wetland soil with
celery root were studied by simulation. The degradation effect on single and combined pollutants in the soil with polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT), urease (URE) and pyrene in different experimental groups with variation at different time were analyzed. It has been shown that celery root can improve the degradation effect of pyrene in the soil under pyrene, Pb and diesel combined pollution stress by secreting enzymes and some chemical substances. Celery root may secrete a variety of enzymes by stimulating rhizosphere microbial cells as well. It would improve activity of rhizosphere microorganisms in the soil and promote microbial synergy between celery root and its rhizosphere microorganisms. The degradation effects of pyrene in combined pollution can
also be enhanced.

Principle and Application of Solid Phase Micro-extraction

XU Gang, SHI Ming-ge, WU Ming-hong, LIU Ning, SHI Qian-hui

2013, 19(4):  368-373. 

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As a new sample pretreatment method, the solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) technique is attracting more attention because of its quick and simple operation and high sensitivity. This article summarizes the principle of SPME and its development. Applications of the technology in the environment, food and pharmaceutical are introduced. The trend of development and the application prospects are discussed.

Detection of Eight Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Smokers’ Urine Using Solid Phase Extraction Coupled to High Performance Liquid Chromatography

LI Yin-ping, LI Xue

2013, 19(4):  374-379. 

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To assess the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by smoking, a method to detect 8 types of urinary hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs (OH-PAHs) (containing 2 to 5 rings) was developed by using solid phase extraction (SPE）coupled to high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD). With optimized SPE and HPLC-FD conditions, 8 standard curve equations were established for individual OH-PAHs with linear ranges of 0.2~20 μg/L or 0.5~20 μg/L (all determination coefficients R² > 0.998). The method quantification limits (MDLs) were 0.03~0.07 μg/L, and recoveries R were (70%±4%)~(109%±30%), while inter-day variations ranged from 5% to 28%. OH-PAHs in urine samples from local smokers were successfully detected, showing that the method is promising in assessing exposure to PAHs for local smokers.

Sediment Characteristics Evaluation of Dalian Lake
and Jiangwan Wetlands in Shanghai

LEI Yan-ru, LI Chun-hui, HE Chi-quan, CHEN Xue-ping,

2013, 19(4):  380-386.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2013.04.010

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Sediments’ physicochemical properties of two urban wetlands in Shanghai, Jiangwan and Dalian Lake, were investigated, including density, sediment moisture content, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen, and available phosphorus. Sediment samples were collected and analyzed in April, August and November, 2011. The results show that sediment organic matters, TN and available nitrogen, phosphorus contents in Dalian Lake wetland were higher than those of Jiangwan wetland. Sediment organic matter contents: Dalian Lake wetland (38.96~120.19 g/kg)>Jiangwan wetland (20.74~94.64 g/kg). TN: Dalian Lake wetland (13.25~26.93 g/kg)>Jiangwan wetland (5.73~13.56 g/kg). Available itrogen accounted for the proportion of total nitrogen: Dalian Lake wetland (3.28%)>Jiangwan wetland (1.62%). Available phosphorus accounted for the proportion of total phosphorus: Dalian Lake wetland (3.88%)>Jiangwan wetland (2.57%). The results show that the development of Dalian Lake wetland sediment is more stable than Jiangwan wetland. Therefore, Dalian Lake wetland is more suitable to the local ecosystem recovery and healthy development.

Concentrations and Sources of Saccharides in PM2.5 in Shanghai

LI Man, ZHONG Mian, JING Liang, FENG Jia-liang

2013, 19(4):  387-392.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2013.04.011

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Saccharide compounds in the PM_2.5  samples collected at Baoshan and Xujiahui of Shanghai were quantified with GC-MS. The results show that saccharides in PM_2.5  were mainly comprised of anhydro sugars, monosaccharides and sugar alcohols. The annual average concentrations of total saccharides at Baoshan and
Xujiahui were 340 ng/m3 and 268 ng/m3, respectively. The analysis of correlations and positive matrix factorization indicates that the main source of arabitol in PM_2.5  in Shanghai was biomass burning, while glucose and fructose came from re-suspended soils. Contributions of soil organics to the total water-soluble organics in PM_2.5  were higher in spring and summer (6%~10%) than that in the fall and winter, suggesting that organics from soil in spring and summer had significant impact on hygroscopicity of airborne fine particles, atmospheric visibility and the formation of haze.

Comprehensive Toxicity Effects on Three Cells of Sediment Organic Extractions from Major Rivers in Shanghai

2013, 19(4):  393-399.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2013.04.012

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Sediments are considered a repository of many organic pollutants. In this work, organic pollutants are extracted in the sediments from Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek in Shanghai using Soxhlet. The comprehensive toxicity of the sediment organic extractions to three cell proliferations including normal liver cells L02, hepatoma cells HepG2 and human breast cancer cells MCF-7 cells using the CCK-8 assay is evaluated. Proliferation toxicity differences of the sediment organic extracts on the three cells were compared. The results showed that the sediment organic extractions of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek exhibited different toxic effects on the three cells. For L02 and HepG2, most samples showed positive cell proliferation effect or no effect; while for MCF-7 cells, majority of the samples have different degree toxic effects on MCF-7 cell proliferation and presented dose-effect dependent and time-effect dependent relationships. Besides, the toxicity effect for MCF-7 cell proliferation had a great relevance with the location of sampling. That Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek sediments were polluted by some organic toxicity pollutants can be concluded. In addition, sediments from the two rivers showed a similar toxic effect on the proliferation of L02, HepG2 and MCF-7 cells, indicating that pollution intensity and types of organic pollutants in the two rivers are similar.

Adsorption Kinetics of Methylene Blue on Graphene Oxide-Chitosan Composite

XU Jing, WEN Hong-liang, OUYANG Jian-bo, WANG Ning, YANG Sheng-tao

2013, 19(4):  400-404.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2013.04.013

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Graphene oxide-chitosan composite (GO-CS) is powerful in decoloration of cationic dyes. GO-CS holds several advantages including high adsorption capacity and easy separation after adsorption. This paper investigates the adsorption kinetics of methylene blue on GO-CS. The adsorption process is nicely described by a pseudo-second-order model. The diffusion mechanism includes intraparticle diffusion and surface diffusion.The adsorption capacity of GO-CS can be regulated by pH and ionic strength, where higher pH and ionic strength were preferred.

Superstructures and Properties of Mesoporous MnO₂ Synthesized by a Facile Interface Method

LIU Yan-yu, WANG Li-jun, HOU Ling-gui, WANG Wen-feng, CHEN Zhi-wen

2013, 19(4):  405-410. 

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Mesoporous manganese dioxide (MnO₂) has been synthesized successfully by means of a facile and environmental friendly method by virtue of a soft interface between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O without templates. It’s thermostability has also been investigated. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and an automatic surface area or pore size analyzer were applied to investigate the composition and microstructure of the as-synthesized MnO₂. As a result, the as-prepared MnO₂ was proven to be a mixture of e-MnO₂ and y-MnO₂ using X-ray diffraction techniques. The structure characterizations indicated a unique mesoporous structure of as-prepared MnO₂ composed of hollow MnO₂ sub-microspheres with thorns at surface. Nitrogen sorption analyses show that the as-synthesized MnO₂ has an adsorption average pore diameter of 5.9 nm, mesoporous volume of 0.451 cm³.g−1, and Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 322.5 m²/g. The as-synthesized MnO₂ which has undergone the heat treatment of temperature lower than 400 ^oC, appears crystal change without change of composition. It would keep the microstructure of hollow MnO₂ sub-microspheres. Howerver, heat treatment of 500 ^oC can turn the MnO₂ to pure Mn₂O₃ along with it’s microstructure’s collapse. Otherwise,the possible growth mechanism of mesoporous MnO₂ has been proposed. In brief, high surface area Mesoporous MnO₂ with a novel and stable superstructure has been obtained by the facile interfacial method.

Genotoxicity of Size-Fractionated Ambient Particulate Matter in A549 and HUVEC Cell Lines

SHANG Yu, ZHANG Ling, FAN Lan-lan, JIANG Yu-ting

2013, 19(4):  411-415.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2013.04.015

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Ambient particulate matter has become one of the most harmful pollutants in the air. The genotoxic effects and generationmechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were studied in A549 and HUVEC cells treated with three sizes of ambient particles, PM_10−2.5, PM_2.5−0.1 and PM_0.1. The results from comet assay show that PM_10−2.5, PM_2.5−0.1  and PM_0.1 caused significant DNA damages in both A549 and HUVEC cells in a dose-dependent manner. In both types of cells, the DNA damage caused by PM_2.5−0.1 and PM_0.1are significantly higher than that caused by PM_10−2.5, and PMs cause higher DNA damage in HUVEC cells than that in A549 cells. PM_2.5−0.1 and PM_0.1 can significantly increase the intracellular ROS level, but PM_10−2.5 cannot. DNA damage in cells induced by particles may be related to the generation of ROS, which deserves further investigations.

Controlled Assembly of Ordered Nanoarrays for High SERS-active Substrates Using Templates

WANG Sha-sha, FU Qun, ZHOU Yi, ZHANG Hong-chao, WU Ming-hong, LEI Yong

2013, 19(4):  417-422. 

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A simple method to fabricate a large-area highly ordered and structure controlled surface enhanced Raman active substrate with giant enhancement, uniformity and reproducibility is reported. Silver ordered nanocap arrays were fabricated using thermal evaporation in vacuum with UTAM as a shadow mask. The structure can be tuned further to optimize the enhancement factor according to UTAM fabrication parameters. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurement results of active substrate with Rhodamine 6G as probe molecules showed a strong SERS effect with an enhancement factor (EF) up to 10⁹, and high uniformity and reproducibility. Compared with the same thickness ordinary Ag film, the SERS enhancement effect of the Ag nanocap arrays is about 16.4 times stronger. This preparation method has the advantages of simple operation, low cost, ease of mass production, and high repeatability between different batches. The active substrate can be used for trace analysis on chemicals and biological molecules.

Analytical Methods for Monitoring Nonylphenol and Bisphenol A in Fish Bile

WU Ming-hong, PAN Chen-yuan, YANG Ming, QIAN Dong-ying

2013, 19(4):  423-428.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2013.04.017

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The research on environmental estrogens (EEs) has become a hot issue in the field of environmental science. Nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) attract much attention due to their wide existence in the aquatic environment, causing a potential hazard to aquatic organisms, especially to fish. However, chemical monitoring and analysis of NP and BPA is not easy to perform since their presence is always at relative low levels in various environmental media. Fish bile is of high bioaccumulation potential, and is a convenient material for chemical analysis of environmental pollutants. This review focuses on the analytical methods for monitoring NP and BPA in fish bile. Corresponding pretreatment (hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction) and detection methods including combined technology of chromatography and mass spectrometry are reviewed. In addition, sensitivity, advantages and disadvantages of different pretreatment and detection methods are compared to provide a reference for establishing methods for detecting NP, BPA and other EEs in aquatic organisms.

Bisphenol A in the Aquatic Environment and Its Toxic Effects on FishXU

Hai1,2, YANG Ming1, WU Ming-hong1

2013, 19(4):  429-436. 

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Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical present in aquatic environments, and has a potential threat on the aquatic ecosystem safety. Based on the studies, this paper reviews the literature concerning contamination status of BPA in various water bodies and its endocrine-disruptive, reproductive,
immunological and neurotoxic effects on fish, shows the importance of the BPA study and suggests directions of the future research.

Interfacial Tension and Foaming Properties of APG and LC Aqueous Solutions with High Salinity in High Temperature

2013, 19(4):  437-440. 

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For the preparation of a foam flooding system in the presence of high content of salinity at high temperature, alkyl polyglycosides (APG) and 2-Undecyl-N-Carboxymethyl-N-Hydroxyethyl Imidazoline (LC) system was investigated at different concentrations and proportions. Foam properties such as interfacial tension(IFT), foamability, and foam stability were measured. Oil-water IFT of the APG-LC system was measured with the spinning drop method on SVT20N at different ratios of APG and LC with different concentrations, respectively. The results showed that the ratio of APG and LC directly affects IFT of the blend system. When the ratio of APG and LC was 6∶4 and mass fraction of the blend system was 0.3%, the IFT was minimum.