Table of Content

28 February 2021, Volume 27 Issue 1

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Invited Review

Shortcuts to adiabatic control of electron states in semiconductor quantum dots

BAN Yue, LI Xinhe, CHEN Xi

2021, 27(1):  1-17.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2273

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Fast and accurate quantum state preparation and manipulation are important tasks in the field of quantum information processing and solid-state-based quantum computing. In recent years, shortcuts to adiabaticity have been widely used in atom cooling, transfer, and other quantum information processing, aiming to accelerate slow adiabatic processes. In this study, fast, robust control schemes for electron quantum states in different semiconductor quantum dot systems are reviewed using shortcuts to adiabaticity. The different methods include invariant-based inverse engineering and transitionless quantum driving. The various protocols and effects of environmental decoherence and other system factors on quantum state manipulation are analysed.



Digital Film and Television Technology

Video colourisation based on voxel flow

CHEN Yu, DING Youdong, YU Bing, XU Min

2021, 27(1):  18-27.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2119

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Video colourisation methods that transfer colour information in keyframes based on traditional optical flow are time-consuming, while those relying on global colour transfer are prone to desaturation. This paper proposes a new video colourisation method based on voxel flow. In the proposed method, the reference and target images are both converted to the lab colour space, before a double-channel voxel flow is obtained by feeding the luminance channels of the images into a neural network. The voxel flow values indicate the positional colour correspondence between the target frame and the reference frame. Then, the colour of the target frame is obtained by bilinear interpolation of the reference frame utilising the voxel flow. Finally, the colour and luminance channels are combined to synthesise the final colourised image. Experimental results show that the proposed video colourisation method maintains the saturation of the reference image, while also maintaining edge sharpness. Compared with rival video colourisation methods based on traditional optical flow, the proposed method yields a higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and offers a shorter runtime.



Method for improving age estimation using age editing

ZHANG Chenyu, XU Shugong, HUANG Jianbo

2021, 27(1):  28-38.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2250

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As an emerging biometric identification technology, face age estimation is a classic learning problem in computer vision. Based on the powerful data generation ability of a generative adversarial network (GAN), a method to improve age estimation by using age editing is proposed. The training data suitable for age estimation were amplified by combining the training age editing network-StarGAN and the age estimation network-soft stagewise regression network (SSR-Net), in stages. Experimental results show that the method achieves the better age estimation results under unrestricted conditions.



Research Articles

Synchronization algorithm for IEEE 802.15.6 protocol in the presence of strong narrowband interference

JIN Yanliang, WANG Xue, LUO Xuetao, NIE Hong

2021, 27(1):  39-48.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2118

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Impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) is a radio technology that transmits information over a broad bandwidth, and which can receive narrowband signals from existing wireless systems with narrowband interference. In this study, a novel synchronisation algorithm is proposed for the IR-UWB receiver, targeting the IEEE 802.15.6 Standard according to the characteristics of the Kasami sequence in the UWB synchronisation header. A Kasami sequence, which is selected as the template, is multiplied by the received signal. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has a higher synchronisation success rate and lower complexity compared with other algorithms that focus on the IEEE 802.15.6 protocol.



Cooperative spectrum sensing method based on entropy function

REN Mengmeng, HU Yanfei, ZHAI Xuping

2021, 27(1):  49-58.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2121

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In cognitive radio, the performance of the spectrum sensing method is closely related to the sensing scene. Research has shown that the Nakagami-Gamma (KG) fading channel model can reliably describe wireless communication channels. A cooperative sensing method based on the entropy function (BEF) is proposed for the sensing scene of heterogeneous nodes (a group of nodes with different performance factors such as sampling number, receiving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and geographical location) in the KG fading channel. First, the comprehensive evaluation scores of each node are calculated using the defined entropy function according to the different performance factors of heterogeneous nodes. Then, the nodes with high scores are selected for normalised energy detection. Finally, the OR criterion is used for fusion decision. Simulation results show that the proposed BEF method can effectively reduce the overhead of the sensing system, and the global detection probability is significantly improved when the target false alarm probability of each node is low ($P_{\rm f}<0.1$).



Model reduction of linear fast periodically switched systems using balanced truncation

DU Xin, HU Zheng, WANG Jianying

2021, 27(1):  59-77.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2114

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This study examines the model order reduction of linear fast periodically switched systems within the framework of a balanced truncation approach. The direct current (DC) averaged state-space model is introduced to describe the averaged dynamics of the given periodically switched systems in the presence of a DC input signal. In addition, a balanced truncation-based algorithm is developed to generate the desired reduced periodically switched model. A small-signal averaged state-space model is introduced to deal with cases in which the alternating current input signal is included. Similarly, an algorithm to generate the desired reduced model is proposed by exploiting the singular perturbation-type balanced truncation. Finally, numerical and experimental examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.



Synthesis of tin-oxygen sulfide compound @poly-aniline@reduced graphene composites with superior electrochemical performance

ZHU Ying, ZHOU Diwen, TANG Yan, WANG Hao, ZHAO Pandeng, PU Xianjuan, JIAO Zheng, CHENG Lingli

2021, 27(1):  78-85.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2104

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By hydrothermal synthesis of tin disulfide hexagonal wafers, polyaniline was wrapped outside by using oxidative polymerization, and tin-oxygen sulfide compound@polyaniline@reduced graphene oxide composites were prepared by hydrothermal reduction. Characterization instruments of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to analyze the morphology and phase of the composites. The results show that the prepared hexagonal tin oxysulfide compound is double-coated by polyaniline and reduced graphene. The electrochemical properties of the composites as a negative electrode of a lithium-ion battery were investigated. The results reveal that the polyaniline and reduced graphene in the multicomponent composite increase the conductivity and buffer the volume expansion of the tin-oxygen sulfide compound during charge and discharge, maintain structural stability, and exhibit superior electrical performance.



Spatial distribution of atmospheric carbonyl compounds in the Summer of 2017, Shanghai Area

CHEN Feng, DUAN Yusen, FENG Yanli, LU Fei

2021, 27(1):  86-96.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2060

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A multi-channel oxygenated volatile organic compound (OVOC) remote control sampler developed in a laboratory and a ternary-mobile phase programme named DNPH- HPLC were used simultaneously to measure the concentration levels of 20 carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere in Shanghai from 4th to 7th August, 2017. The sampling time was 6:00---9:00 a.m. The results indicated that the total concentrations of carbonyls in the atmosphere of the Shanghai area varied from 14.34 to 106.15 $\mu $g/m3, characterised by higher levels in the west and lower levels in the southeast. The concentrations in each area were significantly different. The concentrations in Lingang and Chongming were relatively low, while those of Fengjing and Suzhou Industrial Park were the highest. This pattern was similar to the spatial distribution of VOCs detected in the same periodin the same region. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were the main carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere, accounting for 68% of the total carbonyl compounds. Suitable correlations were observed among formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde. Benzaldehyde, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, and decanal were also correlated, indicating similar sources. The ozone formation potential (OFP) of carbonyl compounds varied from 68.01 to 326.83 $\mu $g/m3, with formaldehyde having the largest contribution and acetaldehyde the second largest. They accounted for 92.93% of the total OFP.



Community structure and diversity phytoplankton in the Wujiang River Basin reservoir

YUE Yihong, FU Zhiwei, CHEN Xueping, YANG Ming, WANG Baoli, WANG Fushun

2021, 27(1):  97-105.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2085

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Phytoplankton plays a crucial role in river ecosystems. To characterise the structure of phytoplankton communities in cascade reservoirs of the Wujiang River Basin, filter samples were collected at 0, 10, and 45 m depth, and two previously reported degenerate primers were applied to amplify the 23S rRNA gene fragment and construct the library for high-throughput sequencing. An efficient identification method was developed through comparison of species coverage between two degenerate primers, and primary information was obtained on the phytoplankton community diversity. This study provides a powerful tool for potential studies on the ecological effect of damming on phytoplankton communities in riverine ecosystems.



Experimental methods for characterizing protein-protein interactions

KONG Wenna, ZHOU Mi, LIN Haixia, WANG Renxiao

2021, 27(1):  106-116.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2065

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Protein molecules usually interact with other partner protein molecules to execute their biological functions. Hence, the characterisation of protein-protein interac- tions (PPIs) plays a significant role inelucidating the molecular mechanism of proteins. With the progress of proteomics comes the development of a variety of experimental methods for characterising protein-protein interactions. This article mainly reviews recently developed biophysical- or biochemical-basedexperimental methods for characterising protein-protein interactions.



Synthesis of double layer Co$_{\bf 2.7}$Cu$_{\bf 0.3}$O$_{\bf 4 }$ cubes composites with enhanced lithium ion battery performance

ZHAO Pandeng, HE Yongchao, HE Xinhua, FENG Xiaoxiao, PU Xianjuan, CHENG Lingli, JIAO Zheng

2021, 27(1):  117-124.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2113

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Co/Cu-BTC solid cube precursors were synthesised by solvent thermal methods, and double-layer Co$_{2.7}$Cu$_{0.3}$O$_{4}$ cube composites were obtained by calcining in air using Co/Cu-BTC as a self-sacrificing template. The phase morphologies of the materials were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Following this, the prepared double-layer Co$_{2.7}$Cu$_{0.3}$O$_{4}$ cube composites were employed as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, which exhibited excellent cycling stability. This can be attributed to its unique double layer cube structure, which can effectively shorten the electron transfer path and alleviate the volume expansion in the process of charging and discharging, thus maintaining the stability of the structure.



Mixed-metal oxide derived from bimetal-organic frameworks for performance lithium-ion batteries

ZHANG Yanfeng, CAI Chang, TAN Xinyi, SUN Weiwei

2021, 27(1):  125-132.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2072

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Co/Zn bimetal organic framework precursor (Co/Zn-MOF-74) has been obtained by using the one-step facile microwave-assisted solvothermal method. By calcining the Co/Zn-MOF-74 at 500 ${^\circ}$C under air, the mesoporous mixed-metallic Co-Zn-O microrod can be obtained. When applied as the anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the Co-Zn-O electrode exhibits good electrochemical properties (reversible capacity of 1 137 mA$\cdot$h$\cdot$g-1 after 100 cycles), which could be attributed to its mesoporous nanostructure along with the synergistic effects between two different metal species.



Selective degradation of Zn-Ti-O/FTO composite film

SHI Ji, ZHAO Jiadong, YU Shengwen

2021, 27(1):  133-143.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2063

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The Zn-Ti-O composite film prepared from fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting glass with sol-gel technology has been investigated, whose phase structures analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), absorption spectra measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and morphologies characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The photocatalytic reaction of Zn-Ti-O/FTO has been tested by ultraviolet light with wavelength of 255 nm as light source to methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB), respectively. Results indicate that the Zn-Ti-O film prepared on FTO substrate shows obvious preference for degradation of organic compounds---the optimal degradation of MB is 90.3%/(6 h). This preference may be related to the relative positions of the bottom of conduction band/the top of valence band of film and substrate, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital/highest occupied molecular orbital of the organic degradation.



Design and fabrication of silver-coated three-dimensional porous silicon composite anode with high performance for lithium ion battery

ZHU Delun, PENG Yuqing, BAI Ruicheng, LI Aijun, ZHAO Tianting, SUN Ningxia

2021, 27(1):  144-153.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2061

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Silver-coated three-dimensional porous silicon (3D-porous-Si/Ag) composites were fabricated as anode materials for a lithium-ion battery via a metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) method and an electroless plating method. Commercial silicon powders were used as substrate material. The composition, microstructure, and specific surface area of 3D-porous-Si and 3D-porous-Si/Ag were analysed via X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and surface area and porosity analyses. The electrochemical performance of the 3D-porous-Si/Ag composite was investigated. The results indicate that the aperture size and specific surface area of 3D-porous-Si were 12.5 nm and 6.083 m$^2$/g, respectively. These pores can be attributed to the narrow slit mesopores. The charge-discharge plot under a constant current of 420 mA/g indicates an initial discharge capacity of 2 822 mA$\cdot$h/g for the 3D-porous-Si/Ag electrode. The Coulombic efficiency reached 87.8% after the first cycle, and the capacity of the 3D-porous-Si/Ag electrode reached 832 mA$\cdot$h/g after 50 cycles. This is mainly because the 3D-porous microstructure and silver coating effectively restrain the volume expansion of silicon caused by the insertion of lithium ions. Moreover, the silver coating improves the electrical performance of the Si material.



Application of novel porous polyaniline in electrode material of supercapacitor

JU Ge, KHAN Muhammad Arif, ZHENG Huiwen, AN Zhongxun, WU Mingxia, ZHAO Hongbin, XU Jiaqiang

2021, 27(1):  154-160.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2116

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Porous polyaniline (PANI) is prepared through an efficient and cost-effective method by polymerisation of aniline in a HCl solution containing KCl. The KCl solution serves as a pseudo-template for the formation of porous PANI, thereby avoiding the use of organic solvents and hard/soft templates and thus protecting the environment. Because of its highly porous structure and intercrossed nanorods, PANI provides a large surface area, resulting in good electrochemical performance. The porous PANI electrodes show a high specific capacitance of 800 F$\cdot$g-1 prepared with saturated KCl, which is more than six times than that of PANI prepared without KCl as the pseudo-template. Thus, synthesised PANI is an excellent electrode material for supercapacitors and is of great significance in their practical application.



On the construction and performance of high-order smooth boundary elements

TIAN Yu, HE Donghong, MA Hang

2021, 27(1):  161-170.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2108

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Based on Lagrange interpolation polynomials, this study realizes computer automated generation of coefficients of shape functions for high-order boundary elements. This study constructs the high-order smooth boundary elements based on existing closure elements by utilising the geometrical properties of particles. Numerical examples show that, when compared with the use of traditional quadratic and closure elements, using high-order smooth elements can greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency in simulating particles with elliptical and ellipsoidal shapes.



Optimization design of reinforced concrete ribbed floor system

ZHOU Bolun, ZHU Jiejiang

2021, 27(1):  171-180.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2106

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The eagle strategy is used to optimise a reinforced concrete (RC) ribbed floor system, including floors and underground garage roofs. This study takes the cost as an objective function and satisfies the constrained condition such that an optimal layout is obtained for different column grids. In addition, an optimal section of the beam and slab as well as the corresponding reinforcement are obtained. The RC ribbed floor is optimised according to the Chinese standard, whose two column grids are 8 and 6 m, respectively. The effect of optimisation is determined to be sufficient and applicable to practical engineering.



Ageing effect on swelling characteristics of Gaomiaozi (GMZ) bentonite saturated by salt solution

YANG Kang, SUN Dean, ZHANG Qianyue

2021, 27(1):  181-189.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2127

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There is a long time gap between buffer bentonite block preparation and wetting; thus, it is necessary to study the effect of ageing on swelling characteristics. Gaomiaozi (GMZ) sodium bentonite was used as the test material, and curing periods of 0, 7, 15, 30, and 90 days after preparation were chosen, while maintaining constant dry density and water content. The swelling deformation and pressure tests were performed by saturating the specimens with salt solutions in an odometer. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was also performed. The test results showed that the swelling deformation and pressure of GMZ bentonite decreased with increasing curing time. The decrease was obvious in the early stage, and it tended to be stable in the later stage. At the same curing time, the ageing effect on the swelling property weakened when the TDS concentration increased. The SEM images revealed that upon increasing the ageing time and TDS concentration, the bentonite was hydrolysed and the pores between the aggregates tended to be homogenised. The variance of pores between the aggregates caused by increasing TDS concentration was larger than that caused by increasing ageing time. This is consistent with the conclusion for the swelling force attenuation rate: under the condition of low TDS concentration and short ageing time, the TDS concentration may have a more obvious influence than the ageing time.



Multi-criteria decision-making method based on an interval-valued Pythagorean triangular fuzzy linguistic set

DING Xuefeng, ZHONG Junhui

2021, 27(1):  190-207.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2175

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To improve the accuracy of information descriptions in uncertain environments, an interval-valued Pythagorean triangular fuzzy linguistic set is proposed, and basic theories of interval-valued Pythagorean triangular fuzzy linguistic variables (IVPTrFLVs) are critically examined. In addition, an improved combinative distance-based assessment (CODAS) method for solving multi-criteria decision-making problems is developed. First, this study defines the IVPTrFLVs, operational rules, score function, accuracy function, and the formulas for calculating Hamming, Euclidean, and Taxicab distances. An IVPTrFL weighted arithmetic averaging (IVPTrFLPWAA) operator is proposed. Then, by calculating the relative importance coefficient of criteria weight, the study establishes an improved CODAS method based on IVPTrFLVs. Finally, the validity and stability of the proposed method are verified through an example.



Weak delay-dependent stability of Rosenbrock methods for neutral delay differential equations

ZHANG Mingkun, WANG Yanpei, ZHAO Huanhuan

2021, 27(1):  208-217.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2115

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The weak delay-dependent stability of the Rosenbrock methods for neutral delay differential equations is studied under the condition that the equations are delay-dependent asymptotically stable. Based on the argument principle, a sufficient condition for the weak delay asymptotic stability of Rosenbrock methods is given. Finally, numerical examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.



Bayesian inference for semiparametric ordinal regression

ZHAO Huanli, HE Youhua

2021, 27(1):  218-226.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2124

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This study combines the proportional odds and semiparametric regression models to establish a general form of a semiparametric ordinal regression model. For the parametric and nonparametric parts of the model, a Bayesian estimator based on the finite dimensional distribution of the stochastic process is constructed, and the analytical expression of the estimator is given under normal conditions. Numerical simulation results reveal that, even in the case of small samples, the estimated values of the model parameters are close to the true values, and the estimated values of the non-parametric parts can describe the shape of the real function. An empirical analysis of predicted income levels based on household consumption structures shows that a difference exists in the consumption structures between urban residents and rural households at the same income level, and a better performance under extrapolation is identified.