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    30 December 2018, Volume 24 Issue 6
    Research Paper
    Effectiveness of activation of sigma-1 receptor on reducing myocardium injury in ischemia reperfusion
    LIAO Xiaoping, YU Pujiao, XU Jiahong
    2018, 24(6):  853-860.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2096
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    [Objective] This paper attempts to investigate whether sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) activation attenuate myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) and whether Sig1R inhibition exacerbates MIRI in mice model. [Methods] C57BL/6 mice are injected via tail vein with BD1047 (Sig1R inhibitor), SA4503 (Sig1R activator) or saline 3 days before MIRI surgery. Then, double-staining technique and western blot analysis are performed on myocardium tissue. [Results] Mice that have received BD1047 pretreatment demonstrate a significant increase in the myocardial infarction size after I/R compared with control group ($P\!\!<$0.05), and a significantly increased expression of Bax and Caspases-3 proteins and a significantly reduced expression of Bcl-2 protein compared with sham control, MIRI control and sham BD1047 groups ($P\!<$0.05). Mice that have received SA4503 pretreatment demonstrate a significant reduction in myocardial infarction size after I/R compared with control group ($P\!<$0.05), and a significantly reduced expression of Bax and cleaved Caspases-3 proteins and a significantly increased expression of Bcl-2 protein compared with sham control, MIRI control and sham SA4503 groups ($P\!<$0.05). [Conclusions] SA4503 protects MIRI and reduces myocardial infarction whereas BD1047 deteriorates MIRI and augment myocardial infarction, and these effects may be achieved through activation or inhibition of Sig1R.

    Improved model predictive direct torque control for asynchronous machine
    SONG Wenxiang, LE Shengkang, WU Xiaoxin, RUAN Yi
    2018, 24(6):  861-876.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1890
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    This paper proposes an improved model predictive direct torque control (MPDTC) method. An optimal voltage vector selector is obtained by analyzing relationship between stator flux and torque, which can be used to calculate the desired voltage vector based on the stator flux and torque reference. The method only needs to evaluate three voltage vectors in a sector of the desired voltage vector. As a result, the computational burden of conventional MPDTC is reduced effectively. Time delay introduced in computation can cause the stator current to oscillate around its reference and increase current and torque ripples. To solve the problem, a delay compensation method is used. Furthermore, switching frequency of the inverter is reduced significantly by introducing a constraint of power semiconductors switching number to the cost function of MPDTC. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to verify validity and feasibility of the proposed method.

    Time synchronization algorithm for UWSNs based on unidirectional broadcast mechanism of Chirp signal
    JIN Yanliang, YAO Bin, ZHANG Xiaoshuai
    2018, 24(6):  877-887.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1861
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    Time synchronization in mobile underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) faces two major challenges, namely, long propagation delay and node mobility. In this paper, a Chirp-based broadcasting time synchronization (CB-Sync) algorithm based on unidirectional broadcast mechanism of a spread spectrum signal, i.e., Chirp, is proposed. The CB-Sync algorithm uses the clock frequency offset and phase offset of the Chirp at the physical layer to reduce errors caused by mobility of the nodes. Furthermore, CB-Sync algorithm uses a periodic one-way broadcast mechanism to synchronize neighboring nodes. According to the received broadcast information, the neighboring node obtains the initial frequency clock skew and offset by two linear regressions. Finally, a minimum gradient descent algorithm is used to reduce errors caused by Doppler shift to improve accuracy of time synchronization. Simulation results show that the CB-Sync algorithm can achieve higher energy efficient and better time synchronization accuracy.

    Geometrical modeling of non-stationary LTE-M MIMO channel in subway tunnel
    CHEN Xumin, WANG Daqing, PAN Yuntian, ZHENG Guoxin
    2018, 24(6):  888-899.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1858
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    For reliable train-ground communications in urban rail transit, LTE-M (long term evolution-metro) technology based on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel will be used in the communication based train control (CBTC) system. It is thus necessary to study statistical properties of MIMO channel in a subway tunnel. A geometrically based single bounce (GBSB) time-varying model is proposed to take into account non-stationary characteristics in a 2$\times$2 MIMO channel when train moves, especially passing through a base station in the tunnel. A complex channel gain function is developed from this model. Time-varying statistical properties including autocorrelation function (ACF), power spectral density (PSD) and cross correlation function (CCF) of the channel are studied. Effects of parameters such as train speed and antenna spacing on the channel correlation are analyzed. The results show that the time-varying ACF of the channel decreases with the increasing train speed. The channel cross correlation decreases with a fluctuating period when the antenna spacing increases. Simulation results are consistent with measured results, showing effectiveness of the model.

    Construction of event-oriented Chinese coreference corpus
    ZHANG Yajun, LIU Zongtian, LI Qiang, ZHOU Wen
    2018, 24(6):  900-911.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1888
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    Coreference resolution, a key in natural language processing, is a basic reasearch topic. This paper describes how an event-oriented Chinese coreference corpus is built based on the Chinese emergency corpus (CEC) via automatic generation and manual annotation. Differing from the traditional coreference corpuses, this corpus is directed to the text, in which knowledge representation unit is based on events, and coreference of elements and events are annotated. The construction of corpus is a key to the research of event-oriented Chinese coreference resolution, which provides more resources to support. The coreference of elements and events are counted and analyzed to provide a basis for the future research.

    Self-assembly behaviors of zwitterionic heterogemini surfactant in aqueous solution: a dissipative particle dynamics simulation
    XU Yi, MAO Xinjian, GUO Siyu, FENG Jian
    2018, 24(6):  912-924.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1880
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    Self-assembly behaviors of a series of zwitterionic heterogemini surfactants C$_{m}$H$_{2m+1}$-PO$^{4-}$-(CH$_{2}) _{2}$-N$^{+}$(CH$_{3})_{2}$-C$_{n}$H$_{2n+1}$, abbreviated as C$_{m}$-P-N-C$_{n}$ $(m, n$=9, 9; 9, 12; 9, 15; 9, 18; 12, 12; 12, 15; 12, 18; 15, 15; 15, 18 and 18, 18), have been investigated in aqueous solution with a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method. Morphologies such as sphere (S), rod (R), planar grid (PG), lamella (L), honeycomb (H), one-, two- and three-dimensional tunnels (1DT, 2DT and 3DT) have been observed. With increase of surfactant concentration in the aqueous solution, a distinct transition path S—R—PG—3DT—L—2DT—1DT is shown to be common for all simulated systems. Besides, the hydrophobic chain length has a significant influence on the self-assembly behaviors when $m\neq n$. Radial distribution function is an effective method for quantitative evaluation of interaction and relationship between each functional group in the C$_m$-P-N-C$_n$ molecule and water. The results provide an insight into self-assembly behaviors of zwitterionic heterogemini surfactants and corresponding applications.

    Preparation and characterization of polymethylmethacrylate by electrochemical emulsion polymerization
    ZHANG Jianqiu, FU Lingxiao, CHEN Long, ZHANG Shengjia
    2018, 24(6):  925-930.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1883
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    With electrochemical polymerization method, polymethylmethacrylate was prepared with iron as electrode, ammonium persulfate as initiator and sodium dodecyl sulfate/OP-10 as composite emulsifying agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to study its structure. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was applied to determine distributions of the molecular size and weight. Effects of the initiator amount, emulsifier dosage and current magnitude on the molecular weight were studied. The preparation condition was optimized using the response surface method (RSM). The optimized preparation conditions of polymethylmethacrylate are as follows: initiator of 3 g, emulsifier of 4 g, and electricity current of 0.2 A, reaction temperature of 30 $^\circ$C and reaction time of 8 h.

    Effect of SMS on the phytoremediation of Ricinus communis to Cd/Zn polluted soil
    SHI Zhengchi, HE Chiquan, XIONG Pengpeng, CHENG Xue
    2018, 24(6):  931-937.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1855
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    To determine the underlying use of inorganic fertilizer (IF) and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) that can improve chemical and physical properties of Zn/Cd polluted soil, Ricinus communis pot experiments (Cd0Zn0, Cd1Zn0, Cd1Zn100, Cd1Zn500, Cd1Zn1000) were performed. The results show that addition of SMS (5${\%}$) can decrease water loss (78.6${\%}$) and obviously increase soil porosity (19.7${\%}$) compared with the control samples, indicating that SMS can maintain soil moisture and improve permeability. Compared with the addition of inorganic fertilizer, SMS increases oxidation-reduction potential by 65.5${\%}$$\sim$81.4${\%}$, and microbial activity of soil by 78${\%}$$\sim$126${\%}$. That means that SMS can improve nutrient availability and modify the soil condition. Thus, SMS can improve metal polluted soil condition by altering chemical and physical properties of soil.

    Correction of mean square end-to-end distance of wormlike chain model
    LIU Yinfeng, ZHOU Jie
    2018, 24(6):  938-946.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1856
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    Wormlike chain is a popular model for biological macromolecules such as DNA, and for semi-rigid and rigid-chain polymers. This paper discusses the worm-like chain model, especially the mistake in the derivation of end-to-end distance, and suggests an effective solution using a free rotation chain model. It is helpful for using the wormlike chain model correctly.

    Tribology properties of C/C composites under different conditions
    FU Hongshan, YANG Min, REN Musu, LI Hong, ZHANG Jiabao, WEI Xicheng, SUN Jinliang
    2018, 24(6):  947-954.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1881
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    Tribology properties of C/C composites under different load and condition were tested by MM-W1 vertical universal friction and wear tester. The surface microstructure after tests were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that all friction coefficients under dry, water and oil conditions gradually increased with time, and then remains stable. The friction coefficient decreases with the increasing load under a dry condition. The friction coefficient reaches maximum and the mass lose reaches minimum under a dry condition with the same load. A complete and smooth wear debris film is formed under a dry condition, effectively reducing contact between the C/C composites and friction parts, leading to a decreased wear rate. The lubricating film in the water and oil situation reduces the friction coefficient, but hinders the formation of wear debris film, resulting in an increased wear rate.

    Effect of N content on microstructure of Fe-21Cr-3Ni-1Mo-N duplex stainless steel
    WEI Zhiqiang, CHEN Xiangru, ZHONG Honggang, ZHAI Qijie
    2018, 24(6):  955-960.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1879
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    The effects of nitrogen content on the microstructure of Fe-21Cr-3Ni-1Mo-N duplex stainless steel (DSS) are studied. Increase of nitrogen increases the austenite volume fraction, and the effect of N content on the phase ratio is significant. With thermodynamic analysis, it is found that increase of N content is conducive to precipitation and growth of austenite. By fitting the data, it is found that the phase ratio of Fe-21Cr-3Ni-1Mo-N duplex stainless steel is 1:1 when the content of N is 1.545${\%}$.

    Temperature effect on interfacial shear strength of carbon nanotube fiber/epoxy resin composites
    MA Qili, ZHANG Cuixia, WANG Han, JIANG Jin, LÜ Weibang
    2018, 24(6):  961-967.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1859
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    Carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers possess excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties, such that they have been considered as ideal reinforcement for future high-performance polymeric composites. This study investigates the temperature effect on the interfacial shear strength between CNT fibers and epoxy resin by performing microdroplet tests, and optical/electrical microscopy analyses. It is found that the interfacial shear strength decreases obviously with increasing ambient temperature. This is mainly because the coefficient of thermal expansion of CNT fibers is much lower than that of the resin so that the fiber/resin interface debonds upon heating. Meanwhile, the resin becomes soft at high temperatures, also degrading the interfacial bonding strength. This study provides guidance for the design of carbon nanotube fibers based composite materials.

    Effect of annealing atmosphere on electrochromic property of Bi$_{\textbf{2}}$O$_{\textbf{3}}$ thin films
    YU Jingjing, SHI Ji, YU Shengwen
    2018, 24(6):  968-977.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1882
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    Bi$_{2}$O$_{3}$ thin films were prepared with a sol-gel technique, and annealed in air, nitrogen and oxygen. The phase structures of films were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD). Surface morphology was observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrochromic properties were tested with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and an electrochemical workstation. It is discovered that the color state of Bi$_{2}$O$_{3}$ thin films switched between black and light yellow transparent. The Bi$_{2}$O$_{3}$ thin film annealed in nitrogen with 100${\%}$ stoichiometric phase, higher $\delta $ phase, and smaller particle size distribution has the highest electrochromic efficiency of about 21 cm$^{2}$/C.

    Bending deformation of viscoelastic cracked beam reinforced with fiber reinforcement polymer
    YANG Xiao, CHENG Bowei, JIANG Zhiyun
    2018, 24(6):  978-992.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1869
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    Considering effect of crack gap and regarding crack as a nonlinear rotational spring, and assuming tight bonding between the fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheet and timber beam surface, bending performance of the cracked standard linear solid viscoelastic beam reinforced with FRP sheet was investigated. Equivalent flexural rigidity of FRP sheet-reinforced crack and the governing equation for bending deformation of viscoelastic rectangular cross-section beam reinforced with FRP sheet are presented. An analytical solution of bending creep of a simply-supported FRP sheet-reinforced cracked viscoelastic beam subject to a step uniform load was obtained with the boundary conditions and crack's continuity conditions of beam bending by using the Laplace transform and its inverse transform. The influences of volume fraction of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet, span-depth ratio of the beam, location and open-closed state of the crack on the bending creep of the CFRP sheet-reinforced cracked viscoelastic Douglas-fir (DF) timber beam were analyzed numerically.

    Application of modified DIC technology in press-in pile model test
    LU Ye, SUN Hanqing, LI Hang
    2018, 24(6):  993-1001.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1927
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    Recently, application of the digital image correlation (DIC) technique in geotechnical engineering is used widely. In model tests, the DIC technique can be used to measure soil displacement around a pile during pile penetration. However, measuring displacement on soil-pile interface is difficult since the disturbed soil layer in these areas is very thin. In this study, the DIC technique is used to measure soil displacement on the soil-pile interface. Combined with model tests, a modified DIC technique can produce interfacial soil displacements being subjected to the influence of penetration rate and depth. Analyses on the test results show that development of interfacial soil displacements from the start of pile penetration can be classified into two stages—initial stage and stabilization stage. In the initial stage, interfacial displacements sharply increases until 0.2 mm due to pile penetration followed by a quick decrease, while interfacial displacements tended to vary around 0 mm in the stabilization stage. At the same penetration depth, interfacial soil displacements increase with the pile penetration rate. Meanwhile, with the increase of pile penetration depth, the accumulated interfacial displacements increase, and soil rebound in the stabilization stage decrease. The findings in this study can shed some light into the study on the mechanisms of soil-pile interface behaviors.

    Effects of saline solution and sand rate on strength of GMZ bentonite
    JIA Di, SUN Dean, ZHANG Long
    2018, 24(6):  1002-1013.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1887
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    Gaomiaozi (GMZ) bentonite has been identified as a potential buffer/backfill material for high-level radioactive nuclear waste (HLRW) repository in China. The mechanical behavior of buffer and backfill materials plays a significant role in the engineered barrier system of the HLRW repository. Beishan area is identified as the best candidate area of the national repository for HLRW, where ground water contains various dissolved chemical elements. Therefore, the effect of salt concentration on strength and microstructure of GMZ bentonite and its mixture with different sand ratios (0${\%}$, 30${\%}$ and 50${\%}$) was studied by performing a series of direct shear tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. The results show that the stress-strain curve of the mixtures has noticeable strain-hardening, and the shear strength of pure bentonite is greater than that of the mixtures in pure water. The test results also show that shear strength of GMZ bentonite and its mixtures are noticeably improved with the increase of salt solution concentration. The friction angle is clearly increased with the salt solution concentration, but the cohesion intercept is not. The shear mechanism of the mixture can be explained by microstructure changes and the concept of effective bentonite density of specimens with different salt concentrations.

    An application of Riemann’s conjecture to integer distribution
    LI Yufang, YAO Weili
    2018, 24(6):  1014-1021.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1925
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    This paper studys distribution of integers with a fixed number of prime factors by applying an analytic method, and gets optimal estimation of the error term in the mean distribution by using Riemann’s conjecture.

    Bayesian estimation for nonparametric regression
    SU Yaling, HE Youhua
    2018, 24(6):  1022-1029.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1926
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    Based on nonparametric Bayesian estimation of a conditional distribution, posterior estimation of an unknown regression function is obtained by calculating its expectation. The mean square error of the estimation is calculated. Its convergence in mean square of the estimation is proved. It is shown that the mean square error of the estimation is less than that of the local linear kernel regression when prior regression is chosen to be close to the unknown regression function. Empirical evidence shows that the nonparametric Bayesian regression may be more effective in prediction than local linear regression.

    Power graphs of nilpotent and inner nilpotent groups
    ZHENG Tao, GUO Xiuyun
    2018, 24(6):  1030-1038.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1924
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    This paper studies properties of power graphs of nilpotent groups, inner nilpotent groups and inner abelian groups. In general, a power graph ${\mathscr{P}}(G)$ of a finite group $G$ is a line graph if and only if $G$ is a cyclic group of a prime power order. In addition, the necessary and sufficient conditions of power graphs for independent numbers of nilpotent groups and inner abelian groups that take the critical value and the planarization of inner nilpotent groups and inner abelian groups are obtained. Finally, the connectivity of proper power graphs of inner nilpotent groups and inner abelian groups are discussed. This paper gets the diameter estimations and the numbers of connected components under the conditions of connected and disconnected proper power graphs, respectively.