多环芳烃在上海近郊大气颗粒物(PM2.5和PM10)中的污染特征、来源及其健康风险评估

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2014.01.004

Abstract

Abstract: A study of airborne particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was conducted in a suburban area of Shanghai during six months to assess the levels and sources of PAHs in air, and its potential health risk to local residents. The total concentration of PAHs in PM10 and PM2.5 ranged from 5.25～136 and 3.56～149 ng/m³ with a mean of 36.9 and 28.5 ng/m³. As the result of isomeric ratios, it is suggested that the combustion and traffic are the main source of airborne PAHs. The median value of BaP ranges from 0.6 to 16 ng/m³. The toxic equivalent quantities (TEQs) are 5.4 ng/m³ of PM10 and 4.1 ng/m³ of PM_2.5. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model taking into account inhalation and dermal contact routes is used to quantitatively estimate the exposure risks for three age groups of female and male adults, adolescents, and children. According to the age groups, the values of ILCR in a decreasing order are as following: adults > children > adolescents; and that of females is higher than males. These values of all age groups are higher than the lowest level provided by United States Environmental Protection Agency (ILCR=10⁻⁶), indicating unacceptable probability distributions. That implies air quality in China is still facing a serious problem and challenge.

Key words: incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), PM₁₀, PM_2.5, risk assessment, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

CLC Number:

X 51

WU Ming-hong, CHEN Liu-lu, CHEN Zu-yi, FENG Jia-liang, MA Jing. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) from a Suburban Area in Shanghai: Levels, Sources and
Risk Assessment[J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2014, 20(4): 521-530.

References

[1] He K, Yang F, Ma Y, et al. The characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China [J]. Atmos Environ, 2001, 35(29): 4959-4970.

[2] 温学新. 环境因素与肺癌关系研究进展[J]. 交通医学, 2000, 14(5): 457-458.

[3] Petry T, Schmid P, Schlatter C. The use of toxic equivalency factors in assessing occupational and environmental health risk associated with exposure to airborne mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [J]. Chemosphere, 1996, 32(4): 639-648.

[4] USEPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund: human health evaluation manual [EB/OL]. [2013-10-09]. http://www.epa.gov/oswer/riskassessment/ragse/index.htm.

[5] Guo H, Lee S C, Ho K F, et al. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong [J]. Atmos Environ, 2003, 37(38): 5307-5317.
[6] Tang N, Hattori T, Taga R, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulates and their relationship to emission sources in

the Pan-Japan Sea countries [J]. Atmos Environ, 2005, 39(32): 5817-5826.

[7] Okuda T, Naoi D, Tenmoku M, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aerosol in Beijing, China, measured by aminopropylsilane chemically-bonded stationary-phase column chromatography and HPLC/fluorescence detection [J]. Chemosphere, 2006, 65(3): 427-435.

[8] Tan J H, Bi X H, Duan J C, et al. Seasonal variation of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 in Guangzhou, China [J]. Atmos Res, 2006, 80(4): 250-262.

[9] Wang G, Huang L, Xin Z, et al. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of atmospheric aerosols in five locations of Nanjing urban area, China [J]. Atmos Res, 2006, 81(1): 54-66.

[10] Wu S P, Tao S, Liu W X. Particle size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural and urban atmosphere of Tianjin, China [J]. Chemosphere, 2006, 62(3): 357-367.

[11] Khalili N R, Scheff P A, Holsen T M. PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and, gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions [J]. Atmos Environ, 1995, 29(4): 533-542.

[12] 杨旭曙, 王正萍, 宋艳涛. 大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的源解析方法[J]. 环境监测管理与技术, 2002(4): 10-14.

[13] Soclo H H, Garrigues P, Ewald M. Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal marine sediments: case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas [J]. Mar Pollut Bull, 2000, 40(5): 387-396.

[14] Yunker M B, Macdonald R W, Vingarzan R, et al. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition [J]. Org Geochem,

2002, 33(4): 489-515.

[15] Dunbar J C, Lin C I, Vergucht I, et al. Estimating the contributions of mobile sources of PAH to urban air using real-time PAH monitoring [J]. Sci Total Environ, 2001, 279(1/2/3):

1-19.

[16] 程书波, 刘敏, 欧冬妮, 等. 上海市地表灰尘中PAHs 的来源辨析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2007(5): 589-593.

[17] Nisbet I C T, Lagoy P K. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [J]. Regul Toxicol Pharm, 1992, 16(3): 290-300.

[18] Muller P , Leece B, Raha D. Scientific criteria document for multimedia environmental standards development: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Part 1: dose response assessment [M]. Ottawa, Ontario: Ministry of the Environment and Energy, 1996.

[19] Hong H, Yin H, Wang X, et al. Seasonal variation of PM10-bound PAHs in the atmosphere of Xiamen, China [J]. Atmos Res, 2007, 85(3/4): 429-441.

[20] Feng Y, Shi G, Wu J, et al. Source analysis of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban atmosphere of a northern city in China [J]. J Air Waste Manage, 2007, 57(2): 164-171.

[21] Menichini E. Current legislation and guidelines on PAHs in ambient air: the Italian experience [J]. Fresen Environ Bull, 1999, 8(9/10): 512-517.
[22] Thongsanit P, Jinsart W, Hooper B, et al. Atmospheric particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for PM10 and size-segregated samples in Bangkok [J]. J Air Waste Manage, 2003, 53(12): 1490-1498.

[23] De Martinis B S, Okamoto R A, Kado N Y, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a bioassay-fractionated extract of PM10 collected in S˜ao Paulo, Brazil [J]. Atmos Environ, 2002,

36(2): 307-314.

[24] Sharma D N, Sawant A A, Uma R, et al. Preliminary chemical characterization of particlephase organic compounds in New Delhi, India [J]. Atmos Environ, 2003, 37(30): 4317-4323.

[25] Chiang K C, Chio C P, Chiang Y H, et al. Assessing hazardous risks of human exposure to temple airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 166(2/3): 676-685.

[26] Hussain M, Rae J, Gilman A, et al. Lifetime health risk assessment from exposure of recreational users to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Arch Environ Con Tox, 1998, 35(3):

527-531.

[27] Department of Health. 八十九年度至九十三年度医院评鉴及教学医院评鉴合格名单[EB/OL]. [2013-10-09]. http://www.doh.gov.tw/cht/index.aspx#.

[28] The International Commission on Radiological Protection. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. [M]. New York: Elsevier, 1994.

[29] USEPA. Dermal exposure assessment: principles and applications [EB/OL]. [2013-10-09]. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=12188.

[30] Yoon E, Park K, Lee H, et al. Estimation of excess cancer risk on time-weighted lifetime average daily intake of PAHs from food ingestion [J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2007, 13(3): 669-680.

[31] Mart´?-Cid R, Llobet J M, Castell V, et al. Evolution of the dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Catalonia, Spain [J]. Food Chem Toxicol, 2008, 46(9): 3163-3171.

[32] Xia Z H, Duan X L, Tao S, et al. Pollution level, inhalation exposure and lung cancer risk of ambient atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Taiyuan, China [J]. Environ Pollut, 2013, 173: 150-156.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) from a Suburban Area in Shanghai: Levels, Sources and
Risk Assessment

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 12

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	TIAN Yongchao, YU Liying. Technology innovation risk evaluation based on interval value intuitionistic fuzzy sets [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2020, 26(2): 292-300.
[2]	CHEN Qi, FANG Yin, FENG Yanli, ZHANG Fan, ZHU Wenjie, WANG Wu, CHEN Yingjun. Based on the variation of black carbon in PM_2.5 to observe pollution episode in winter Shanghai [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2020, 26(2): 263-274.
[3]	Ye LIU, Yujie WANG, Fushun WANG, Xia LIANG, Xueping CHEN, Ming YANG, Jing MA. Occurrence, sources and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Xin'anjiang River-reservoir system [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2020, 26(1): 113-122.
[4]	Dong QU, Yan PENG, Huayan PU, Jun LUO, Chengyi HUANG, Jun KE. Dynamic collision avoidance for unmanned surface vessels under the uncertainty of obstacle velocity [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2019, 25(5): 655-667.
[5]	LIU Wenlong, WANG Yujie, LIU Ye, SUN Yan, WU Minghong, MA Jing. Comparative assessment of human exposure to phthalate esters and bisphenol A from different indoor dust [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2019, 25(2): 282-292.
[6]	MA Zhen, WAN Hao. Comprehensive risk assessment of ammonia desulfurization for coal-fired flue gas [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2018, 24(1): 92-99.
[7]	ZHANG Chunchun1,2, HE Chiquan1. PM_2.5 and its heavy metal contents in Shanghai and the assessment of health risk to residents [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2016, 22(6): 784-792.
[8]	LOU Sufang1, WANG Xinxin1, JIANG Zi’an1, LU Shaoyou2, YU Yingxin1. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface soil of Guiyu and the associated health risk to children [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2016, 22(2): 141-150.
[9]	JU Fashuai, WANG Xintong, HAN Dewen, WANG Wu. Composition of secondary organic aerosol and its contributions to organic carbon in PM_2.5 [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2016, 22(2): 172-180.
[10]	LI Hui, SHAN Er-Fang, SUN Guang-Shuai. Two-stage fuzzy-AHP model for risk assessment of inventory [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2015, 21(6): 784-794.
[11]	BAO Yang-yang, SUN Rui, XU Ben-tuo, XU Gang, WU Ming-hong. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of phenolic environmental hormones in Huangpu River basin [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2015, 21(4): 472-480.
[12]	LI Yin-ping, LI Xue. Detection of Eight Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Smokers’ Urine Using Solid Phase Extraction Coupled to High Performance Liquid Chromatography [J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2013, 19(4): 374-379.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) from a Suburban Area in Shanghai: Levels, Sources and Risk Assessment

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 12

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) from a Suburban Area in Shanghai: Levels, Sources and
Risk Assessment