义乌市 PM$_\textbf{2.5}$ 中烷烃的污染水平和来源分析

doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.1943

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了解长三角典型县级市—--义乌市大气 PM$_{2.5}$中烷烃的污染特征和来源, 于 2015 年 7月—2016 年 4 月, 使用 TH-16A 四通道采样器分别在义乌市北苑站点和江东站点采集大气 PM$_{2.5}$样品, 采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对正构烷烃(C$_{16}\sim $C$_{34})$和藿烷(C$_{27}\sim $C$_{32})$进行定量分析. 结果表明, 北苑站点和江东站点大气PM$_{2.5}$中正构烷烃的年均浓度分别为 78.0 和 80.4 ng/m$^{3}$, 站点之间没有明显差异; 正构烷烃的浓度存在明显的冬季$>$秋季$>$春季$>$夏季的季节性变化规律. 正构烷烃的分布特征、主峰碳数(C$_{\max})$、碳优势指数(carbon preference index, CPI)和植物蜡贡献率(Wax${\%}$)都表明化石燃料源是义乌市 PM$_{2.5}$中正构烷烃的主要来源, 植物蜡的平均贡献率约为 20${\%}$. 义乌市 PM$_{2.5}$中藿烷的年均浓度在北苑站点和江东站点分别为 5.5 和 4.6 ng/m$^{3}$, 藿烷浓度和正构烷烃浓度之间存在较强的正相关关系. 依据藿烷同系物的分布特征, 机动车排放是义乌市 PM$_{2.5}$中有机质的重要来源.

关键词: PM$_{2.5}$, 正构烷烃, 藿烷, 来源识别, 长三角, 义乌市

Abstract:

To understand chemical characteristics and sources of $n$-alkanes and hopanes in the atmospheric PM$_{2.5}$ in Yiwu City, a representative county-level city in the Yangtze River Delta region, seasonal atmospheric PM$_{2.5}$ samples were collected smultaneously at two sites in Yiwu City, Beiyuan and Jiangdong, from July 2015 to April 2016 using TH-16A four-channel samplers. Concentrations of $n$-alkanes (C$_{16}\sim $C$_{34})$ and hopanes (C$_{27}\sim $C$_{32})$ in the PM$_{2.5}$ samples were quantified with gas chromato graphy-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results show that the annual average concentration of $n$-alkanes in PM$_{2.5}$ at Beiyuan and Jiangdong were 78.0 and 80.4 ng/m$^{3}$, respectively. No statistical difference in concentration of $n$-alkanes was found between the two sampling sites. A distinct seasonal trend of winter$\to $autumn$\to $spring$\to $summer was found for $n$-alkanes in Yiwu City. The distribution patterns, carbon number maxima (C$_{\max})$, carbon preference index (CPI) and plant wax contribution (Wax${\%}$) of $n$-alkanes all indicated that emissions from fossil-fuel usage was the main source of $n$-alkanes in PM$_{2.5}$ in Yiwu City, while the average contribution of plant wax was about 20${\%}$. The annual average concentration of hopanes in PM$_{2.5}$ at Beiyuan and Jiangdong were 5.5 and 4.6 ng/m$^{3}$, respectively. Strong correlation between the concentrations of hopanes and $n$-alkanes was found. The distribution pattern and characteristics of hopanes indicated that vehicle emission was an important source of the organic matter in PM$_{2.5}$ in Yiwu City.

Key words: PM$_{2.5}$, $n$-alkanes, hopanes, source identification, Yangtze River Delta, Yiwu City

中图分类号:

X513

陈焕兵, 常毅, 张胜华, 黄伊宁, 冯加良. 义乌市 PM$_\textbf{2.5}$ 中烷烃的污染水平和来源分析[J]. 上海大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 25(4): 566-575.

Huanbing CHEN, Yi CHANG, Shenghua ZHANG, Yining HUANG, Jialiang FENG. Characteristics and sources of alkanes in PM$_\textbf{2.5}$ in Yiwu City[J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2019, 25(4): 566-575.

图/表 5

参考文献 29

[1]	Mancilla Y, Mendoza A, Fraser M P , et al. Organic composition and source apportionment of fine aerosol at Monterrey, Mexico, based on organic markers[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016,16(2):953-970.
[2]	Pope C A Ⅲ, Burnett R T, Thun M J , et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution[J]. JAMA, 2002,287(9):1132-1138.
[3]	Kawanaka Y, Matsumoto E, Sakamoto K , et al. Size distributions of mutagenic compounds and mutagenicity in atmospheric particulate matter collected with a low-pressure cascade impactor[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004,38(14):2125-2132.
[4]	Saxena P, Hildemann L M, Mmurry P H , et al. Organics alter hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric particles[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 1995,100(D9):18755-18770.
[5]	周春玉, 叶汝求, 汤国才 , 等. 广州气溶胶中有机物的分布及其与人体健康关系的研究[J]. 环境科学研究, 1991(2):41-51.
[6]	马海丽, 李峣, 钱枫 , 等. 北京市大气颗粒物中正构烷烃污染特征的研究[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2013(3):50-54.
[7]	成玉, 盛国英, 闵育顺 , 等. 珠江三角洲气溶胶中正构烷烃分布规律、来源及其时空变化[J]. 环境科学学报, 1999,19(1):96-100.
[8]	Yassaa N, Meklati B Y, Cecinato A , et al. Particulate $n$-alkanes, $n$-alkanoic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Algiers City Area[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001,35(10):1843-1851.
[9]	Gelencse A, Barcza T, Kiss G . Distribution of $n$-alkanes and PAHs in atmospheric aerosols[J]. Atmospheric Research, 1998,46(3):223-231.
[10]	Schauer J J, Kleeman M J, Cass G R , et al. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 2. C$_{1}$ through C$_{30}$ organic compounds from medium duty diesel trucks[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1999,33(10):1578-1587.
[11]	Wang F W, Guo Z G, Lin T , et al. Seasonal variation of carbonaceous pollutants in PM$_{2.5}$, at an urban `supersite' in Shanghai, China[J]. Chemosphere, 2016,146:238-244.
[12]	Li X R, Wang Y S, Guo X Q , et al. Seasonal variation and source apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM$_{2.5}$ and PM$_{10}$ particulates in Beijing, China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2013,25(4):741-750.
[13]	Wang J Z, Ho S S H, Ma S X , et al. Characterization of PM$_{2.5}$, in Guangzhou, China: uses of organic markers for supporting source apportionment[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016,550:961-971.
[14]	Feng J L, Hu J C, Xu B H , et al. Characteristics and seasonal variation of organic matter in PM$_{2.5}$, at a regional background site of the Yangtze River Delta region, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015,123:288-297.
[15]	Simoneit B R T . A review of biomarker compounds as source indicators and tracers for air pollution[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1999,6(3):159-169.
[16]	Guo Z G, Sheng L F, Feng J L , et al. Seasonal variation of solvent extractable organic compounds in the aerosols in Qingdao, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003,37(13):1825-1834.
[17]	Kavouras I G, Koutrakis P E, Oyola P , et al. Measurement of particulate aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in Santiago de Chile: source reconciliation and evaluation of sampling artifacts[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1999,33(30):4977-4986.
[18]	Simoneit B R T, Sheng G Y, Chen X J , et al. Molecular marker study of extractable organic matter in aerosols from urban areas of China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1991,25(10):2111-2129.
[19]	Tang X L, Bi X H, Chen Y J , et al. Size distribution of $n$-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban aerosol of Guangzhou, China[J]. Geochimica, 2005,34(5):508-514.
[20]	Wang G H, Kawmura K . Molecular characteristics of urban organic aerosols from Nanjing: a case study of a megacity in China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005,39(19):7430-7438.
[21]	Wang J Z, Ho S S H, Cao J J , et al. Characteristics and major sources of carbonaceous aerosols in PM$_{2.5}$, from Sanya, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015,530:110-119.
[22]	Feng J L, Guo Z G, Chan C K , et al. Properties of organic matter in PM$_{2.5}$ at Changdao Island, China: a rural site in the transport path of the Asian continental outflow[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007,41:1924-1935.
[23]	Fine P M, Chakrabarti B, Krudysz M , et al. Diurnal variations of individual organic compound constituents of ultrafine and accmulation mode particulate matter in the Los Angeles Basin[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2004,38(5):1296-1304.
[24]	Abas M R B, Simoneit B R T . Composition of extractable organic matter of air particles from Malaysia: initial study[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996,30(15):2779-2793.
[25]	Oros D R, Simoneit B R T . Identification and emission rates of molecular tracers in coal smoke particulate matter[J]. Fuel, 2000,79(5):515-536.
[26]	Fraser M P, Cass G R, Simoneit B R T . Gas-phase and particle-phase organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle traffic in a Los Angeles roadway tunnel[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1998,32:2051-2060.
[27]	Feng J L, Chan C K, Fang M , et al. Impact of meteorology and energy structure on solvent extractable organic compounds of PM$_{2.5}$ in Beijing, China[J]. Chemosphere, 2005,61(5):623-632.
[28]	Rogge W F, Hidlemann L M, Mazurek M A , et al. Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Non-catalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy duty diesel trucks[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1993,27:636-651.
[29]	He L Y, Hu M, Zhang Y H , et al. Fine particle emissions from on-road vehicles in the Zhujiang Tunnel, China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008,42(12):4461-4466.