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    30 October 2010, Volume 16 Issue 5
    Environmental and Chemical Engineering
    Preliminary Study of Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (OH-PBDEs) Metabolites in Human Serum of Electronics Dismantling Workers
    REN Guo-Fa-1, 2, YU Zhi-Qiang-2, SUN Yan-Feng-1, MA Sheng-Tao-2, LUO Xiang-Fan-1, SHENG Guo-Ying-1, 2, FU Jia-Mo-1, 2
    2010, 16(5):  441-446. 
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    Human serum samples were collected from an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling site in South China and analyzed to acquire the information about the polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) metabolites in human body. The results indicated that BDE-209 could be bioaccumulated and metabolited into hydroxylated polybrominated biphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) in human body. Three OH-PBDEs (two octa- brominated and one nona- brominated congeners) metabolites were identified in human serum of the e-waste dismantling workers. The higher brominated OH-PBDEs metabolites in our study were different from that in other studies.

    Cytotoxicity of Pristine Carbon Nanotubes: Mechanism and Influencing Factors
    LIU Yuan-fang-1, 2LIU-Jia-hui-1, 2WANG-Hai-fang-1
    2010, 16(5):  447-459. 
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    With the development of production and application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the toxicity of CNTs has attracted much research attention. Cytotoxicity of pristine CNTs and its mechanism and influencing factors have been widely reported. CNTs are reported to induce cell apoptosis/necrosis and reduce cell viability by influencing cell adhesion, cell cycle progress or oxidative stress. On the contrary, some researchers report that CNTs have little effects on cells. The conflicting results come from the fact that many chemical and physical properties affect cytotoxicity of CNTs, including the impurities of CNTs, the purification method, the size of CNTs, aggregation/dispersion of CNTs, cell culture condition, and even analysis methods. It is essential to establish standard reference samples and detection methods for accurate assessment of the CNTs cytotoxicity. This review summarizes the research achievements on the cytotoxicity of pristine CNTs, and gives the perspective of the future research.

    Degradation of Petroleum Pollutants in Saline-Alkali Soils Using Aboriginal Microbe
    LIU Xiao-Yan-1, LI Ying-Li-2, WANG Zhen-Zhen-1, WANG Jun-1, ZHANG Xin-Ying-1, TIAN Xiang-1, ZHAO Yue-1
    2010, 16(5):  460-464. 
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    The typical petroleum and oil-contaminated saline-alkali soil were chosen as samples. Aboriginal microorganisms were isolated from petroleum-contaminated soils at the oilfield test site. Microbial degradation characteristics of petroleum pollutants were studied in simulations under different conditions. Experimental results show that degradation rates of micro-organisms were high in samples under the conditions of 50% water rate and 10∶1 N/P ratio. In addition, the microbial activity and degradation ability can be enhanced by using moderate H2O2 to improve the oxygen content in the samples. If suitable conditions can be provided, degradation and selective consumption of microbes for paraffins can be effectively increased, and used for molecular markers of petroleum pollution.

    Application of Two Methods for Concentrating Viruses and Detection of Polioviruses in Water Samples
    YANG Ming, SHEN Yang, XU Hai, WANG Kun-Peng, WU Ming-Hong
    2010, 16(5):  465-470. 
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    Effective enrichment and recovery of virus particles from water is the primary task in virus detection in water samples. The present study used sodium chloride-aluminum chloride precipitation method and cation-coated filter method to concentrate polioviruses from a simulated virus contaminated water sample and a real untreated water sample collected from a sewage treatment plant in Shanghai. RNA was extracted from concentrated viruses and then reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and nest PCR were perfomed. The results revealed that polioviruses could be detected from the real water sample by means of two concentration methods, indicating that viruses had been effectively recovered from water by those two methods. The presence of polioviruses was detected from virtual volume of 3.5 mL untreated water sample using sodium chloridealuminium chloride precipitation method and from virtual volume of 2.1 mL untreated water sample using cation-coated filter method. We also found the presence of polioviruses in the influent and effluent water samples collected from another three sewage treatment plants using sodium chloridealuminium chloride precipitation method and RT-nest-PCR detection. In addition, a recombinent plasmid containing poliovirusspecific fragment was constructed and prepared as a positive experimental control for the further poliovirus detection. Our study provided preliminary data for applications of the two different methods for virus concentration in water samples and observed potential enterovirus pollution in aquatic environment in Shanghai.

    Facile Synthesis of Graphite Nanosheets as Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries
    WU Feng-Dan, GU Yan, WANG Yong
    2010, 16(5):  471-475. 
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    Graphite nanosheets have been successfully synthesized by pencil painting on the surface of Cu foil using commercial 6B pencil. Electrochemical properties of the as-prepared graphite nanosheets were tested at a constant current (0.1 C, 1 C=372 mA/g), and compared with graphite materials prepared by handmilling the pencil core. The nanosheets showed different discharging and charging curves and large reversible capacity of 402 mA·h/g in the first cycle, which was larger than the capacity of graphite materials and the theoretical value of carbon. After 20 cycles, charge capacity of 367 mA·h/g was retained, corresponding to 91.3% of the initial charge capacity. The obtained graphite nanosheet is a two-dimensional nanosheet with large surface areas, which can provide more active sites for lithium storage including both sides and the edge parts of the nanosheets.

    Microphase Separation of Star-Diblock Copolymer Films by Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation
    XU Yi-1, FENG Jian-2
    2010, 16(5):  476-481. 
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    Microphaseseparating behaviors of two typical star-diblock copolymer films have been investigated using the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) technique. A series of ordered structures and corresponding phase diagrams have been obtained. Results show that, compared to (AxBy)4, the phase diagram of (Ax)4(By)4 is distinctly symmetric. It is easier to carry out phase-separating for the latter than for the former, similar to their behaviors in bulk. Additionally, it is easier for the island phase to appear in (AxBy)4 films under the same conditions. Some structures formed in bulk and film at the same composition fraction can correspond to each other to a certain extent, and one-dimension confinement can make these systems form more kinds of microphase-separating structures. Besides, both thinner film and stronger A-B repulsion can contribute to enhance the order of relevant structures.

    Subcritical Water Oxidative Degradation of 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl with Heteropoly Zinc Salts
    CHEN Jin-Yang, LI Zhi, RUAN Ru-Yi, LIU Gui-Yang
    2010, 16(5):  482-487. 
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    Two heteropoly zinc salts of Zn1.2H1.8PW12O40 and  Zn1.1H1.9PMo12O40 are prepared by template impregnation. They are used as catalyst to oxidative degradation of 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl (4,4′-DBB) in subcritical water. Zn1.2H1.8PW12O40 pays better role on accelerating degradation rate and shows enough stability. Thus oxidative degradation and the kinetics of 4,4′-DBB in subcritical water are investigated using Zn1.2H1.8PW12O40 as catalyst. The optimal experiment conditions are obtained as follows: m(H2O2)∶m(4,4′-DBB)= 200∶1, temperature of 320 ℃, pressure of 11.9 MPa, and reaction time of 15 min. Under the optimal condition, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water sample after reaction can be down to 55.9 mg/L, which meets the Chinese National Standard GB 8978—1996. The order of catalytic oxidation degradation kinetic of 4,4′-DBB in subcritical water is 1.70, and the apparent activation energy is 44.04 kJ/mol. 

    Chemical Constituents from the Leaves of  Aglaia perviridis
    ZHANG Ling-1, ZHANG Jian-Hui-1, YANG Shu-Min-2, TAN Chang-Heng-3
    2010, 16(5):  488-491. 
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    Column chromatographies of silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 were used to isolate the chemical constituents of Aglaia perviridis. Eleven compounds were isolated from the leaves of  Aglaia perviridis, and their structures are identified on the basis of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS techniques. 

    Electrochemical Behavior of Ferrocene in ScCO2/BMIMPF6 Biphasic System
    YAN Hao, LI Zhang-Lin, XU Fei-Fei
    2010, 16(5):  492-497. 
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    This paper studies the electrochemical behavior of ferrocene in the ScCO2/BMIMPF6 biphasic system using cyclic voltammetry on a platinum disk micro-electrode. The diffusion coefficient of ferrocene under different pressure conditions is determined. The results show that the redox reaction of ferrocene in ScCO2/BMIMPF6 biphasic system is quasi-reversible, and the electrode process is controlled by diffusion. Moreover, addition of CO2 has effects on both mass transfer process in electrode reaction and electron exchange process on the electrode surface.

    Bromate Formation During Ozonation in Bromide-Containing Huangpu River Water
    HUANG Xin-1, MEI Hong-1, DING Guo-Ji-1, LU Ning-2
    2010, 16(5):  498-502. 
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    Bromide (Br-) in Huangpu river water was detected within the range of 204.9~394.6 μg/L, as a result of investigation conducting from January to June, 2010. Noticeable bromide was consumed at ozonation and chlorine disinfection, whereas nearly no removal was found in coagulation. However, bromate detection rate was very low (7.5%). Bromide increased after contacting with fresh biological activated carbon (BAC), which may result in reduction of high valence bromine by activated carbon. Batch experiment of ozonation was conducted. Formation rate of bromate increased significantly when steady state concentration of dissolved ozone was beyond 0.23 mg/L, and increased a little when concentration of dissolved ozone further increased. There is good linearity between ozone exposure (ct) and bromate amount. Bromate formation potential (k, μgBrO-3/(mgO3.min)) is influenced greatly by concentration of dissolved ozone. High level of ammonia and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in raw water are the main factors inhibiting bromate formation during ozonation. 

    Eutrophicated Landscaping Water Remediation by Combination of  Constructed Waterfall and Wetland
    LIU Shu-Yu-1, 2, MA Fang-1, WU Ming-Hong-2
    2010, 16(5):  503-507. 
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    Waterfall and wetland were used to remedy landscaping water. Partial recycling was carried out to maintain water quality. The result showed that aerobic microbes in constructed wetland reduce the concentration of NH+4-N to 0.5 mg·L-1, and the concentration of TP was lower than the other two sites. C/N of each site rose from the initial 6~7 to 12~16. Alternative aerobic and anaerobic area in wetland system effectively removed nitrogen. N/P fell from 30~31 to 3. Waterfall and wetland maintained the pH value of water. Removal rate of NH+4-N increased from 3.4%~10.4% to 24.6%~44.2%, and removal rate of TP increased from 0.5%~25.0% to 71.0%. Apart from oxygen supplying, combination of vegetable and microbes is also needed to remove contamination in landscaping water.

    Effect of Phosphoric Acid on Water-Soluble Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Carbonization
    MIAO Sen-1, YU Ruo-Bing-1, JIAO Yang-Sheng-1, JIAO Zheng-2
    2010, 16(5):  508-512. 
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     The water-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) with low free phenol was prepared from formaldehyde and phenol in the presence of barium hydroxide. The structure and charring mechanism of the water-soluble PF resin and phosphoric acid modified water-soluble PF resin were studied. The effect of mol ratio of phenol to formaldehyde and the reaction time on char yield ware discussed. The results indicate that the char yield of phosphoric acid modified water-soluble PF (66.7% at 800 ℃) is higher than water-soluble PF (55.0% at 800 ℃) due to an increase in aromaticity by the addition of phosphoric acid, resulting in low decomposition at elevated temperature.

    Recovery of Copper from the Sludge of Printed Circuit Board Industry
    YAN Li-Jun-1, 2, LI Bin-1, ZUO Jun-1, YANG Xiu-Qin-1, CHENG Yue-1, ZHU Jun-Hong-3
    2010, 16(5):  513-516. 
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    Recovery of copper from the sludge of printed circuit board (PCB) was carried out in the process of leaching and electrowinning. Influences of electric current, temperature, pH value and electrode distance on copper electrowinning were investigated. The result indicates that the proposed leaching conditions are as follows: pH value of 1.4, electric current of 300 A/m2, electrode distance of  5 cm, treatment time of 20 h, and temperature of 40 ℃. 

    Preparation of Imidazole Amidate Derivatives and Their Properties
    ZHANG Bao-Hua-1, 2, WENG Yan-Qing-1, CHEN Bin-1, ZHANG Yu-Ying-1
    2010, 16(5):  517-521. 
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    Derivatives of 2-methylimidazole amidate and their carboxylic acid salts were synthesized by amidate reaction of carboxylic acid and 2-methylimidazole. Their structures and properties were studied. It was found that the 2-methylimidazole amidate derivatives and their carboxylic acid salts had lower curing activities and better latent properties than those of 2-methylimidazole. They also had better compatibility with epoxy resin than 2-methylimidazole, thus clearly improving mixed process operability of epoxy resin curing system. Mechanical properties of epoxy resin thermosets of 2-methylimidazole amidate derivatives and their carboxylic acid salts were better than those of 2-methylimiadzole.

    Synthesis of Glyceryol Triacetate by Glycerol Extracted from Waste Water
    GUO Xiao-Ya-1, CI Bing-Bing-1, YU Jing-Lu-1, LI Shou-Guang-1, HU Wei-1, TANG Xiang-Hui-2
    2010, 16(5):  522-525. 
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     Waste water from enzymatic biodiesel technology containing 5% glycerol was treated by alkali treatment, vacuum distillation, removing colloidal, and vacuum distillation to collect glycerol of purity up to 90.43%. The glycerol reacted with acetic acid (material ratio 1∶5) to get glyceryol triacetate with phosphotungstic acid catalyst (accouting for 1.6% of glycerol), toluene as water-carrying agent, at 110 ℃. Thus more than 90% glyceryol triacetate were produced in 6 hours.  

    Synthesis and Evaluation of Oil-Soluble Viscosity Reducer for Heavy Oil
    XIANG Ming-Hui, LIANG Xin, YANG Yong, CHEN Qi-Hua
    2010, 16(5):  526-529. 
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    By analyzing the mechanism of oil-soluble viscosity reducer, we investigated the viscosity reduction effect of monomer (octadecyl acrylate, styrene, maleic anhydride), and synthesized a variety of oil-soluble copolymer as viscosity reducers. The results show that the product is better by the controlling the monomer ratio. When the monomer ratio was 6∶2∶1 and the concentration of viscosity reducer was 0.01%, the viscosity reduction rate is 40% or more, and stability of viscosity reduction effect is well.

    Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline Film by Electrochemical Method
    RUAN Meng-Cai-1, MIAO Wen-Quan-2, TONG Xiao-Min-2, SHI Wen-Ming-1, ZHANG Hai-Jiao-1
    2010, 16(5):  530-535. 
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    Polyaniline films have been synthesized on copper surface in inorganic acid aniline solution under different conditions such as scan rates and acid concentration. The properties of the polymer films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrochemical parameters of the films were characterized by cyclic-voltametry (C-V) lines. The results indicate that polyaniline films synthesized in 0.1 mol/L aniline containing 1.0 mol/L sulfuric acid and 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, at the ambient temperature and scan rate 0.06 V/s have uniform grain size under 100 nm and exhibit good reversibility.

    Physical/Chemical Property Estimation for Cl-PAHs Congeners by Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
    MA Jing-1, WU Ming-Hong-1, XU Gang-1, WANG Wen-Hua-2, CHENG Jin-Ping-2
    2010, 16(5):  536-540. 
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    Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) are chlorinated derivatives of PAHs, and some ClPAHs have been shown to elicit dioxin-like toxicity and mutagenic properties. Nevertheless, information of the physical/chemical properties and environmental fate of Cl-PAHs are limited. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and level Ⅲ fugacity model were used to estimate the physical/chemical properties and environmental fate of 20 Cl-PAH congeners in this study. The result shows that the toxicity of Cl-PAHs increases with the increasing of chlorination level. These new type of pollutants tends to accumulate in soil and sediment with dioxin-like fate in the environment.

    Acidity of PM2.5 in Shanghai and Its Correlation with Chemical Composition of the Particles
    FENG Jia-Liang, HU Xiao-Ling, GUAN Jing-Jing, ZHAO Wei
    2010, 16(5):  541-546. 
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    Seasonal samples were collected in Baoshan and Xuhui areas. Fine particles were extracted with acidic extraction solution and strong acidity measured. Composition of water soluble ions was measured with ion chromatography. In situ acidity of fine particles was estimated with the thermodynamic aerosol inorganic model. The results show that fine particles were acidic in the urban area while sometimes alkaline in the suburb industrial area. Acidity of fine particles was significantly correlated with concentrations of mineral components such as calcium and magnesium. Anthropogenic fine particles would promote the formation of acid rain, increase of the relative concentration of fine particles in the total airborne particles could be an important reason for the increase of acid rain frequency in recent years.

    Effects of Blend Surfactant on Performance of CTAB and Three Different C12 Anionic Surfactants Complex Oil Displacing System
    GAO Wei-1, MENG Qing-Yang-1, YANG Li-Ming-1, CHEN Jie-1, XU Yi-1, CHEN Qi-Hua-1, XIANG Ming-Hui-1, SONG Xin-Wang-2, ZHU Yang-Wen-2
    2010, 16(5):  547-552. 
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    Properties of three kinds of surfactant composition systems with different hydrophilic group of anionic surfactant (sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dichloroisocyanurate (SDC)) and the same cationic surfactant cetyltriethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were studied. Compatibility, foam property, contact angle, surface tension and interfacial tension of the systems were measured. The results showed when the mol ratio of anionic and cationic surfactant was close to 1∶1, the systems lost part of foam capacity while surface tension and interfacial tension reached the peak and contact angle was the lowest. The SDC-CTAB system reached ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT) with crude oil when the mass fraction of CTAB was in the range of 10% to 30% in the blend system.

    Optimizing the Culture Condition of Plectus sp.
    ZOU Lian-Pei-1, ZHOU Wen-Qi-2, ZHANG Ming-De-3, CAI Yun-Long-3, MU Li-1, DING Guo-Ji-1
    2010, 16(5):  553-556. 
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    The optimal culture condition of  Plectus sp. separated from drinking water was studied. The results showed that temperature and pH had significant effect on the growth of Plectus sp., but illumination condition had less effect on the growth of  Plectus sp. The optimal culture condition for Plectus sp. was 25 ℃, and pH=6, without illumination with lettuce eggs (LE) culture medium.