Table of Content

30 June 2026, Volume 32 Issue 3

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Bioengineering

Evolution of orthopedic hemostatic materials: from traditional bone wax to absorbable bone wax

TANG Chen, YAN Shifeng

2026, 32(3):  375-387.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2746

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This paper systematically reviewed the development history, mechanisms of action, and frontier advances of bone wax, a core hemostatic material in orthopedics. This paper first analyzed conventional hemostatic strategies in surgery and their application limitations in complex wounds, emphasizing the special requirements of orthopedic hemostasis for the synergistic adaptation between material biocompatibility and bone healing processes. Ideal hemostatic materials for bone surfaces must strike a balance between “effective intraoperative hemostasis” and “avoiding long-term adverse reactions”. They should ensure effective hemostasis before physiological hemostasis stabilizes at the skeletal site, and simultaneously, their residence time in vivo should be coordinated with the key early stages of bone healing. On this basis, this paper outlined the evolutionary trajectory from traditional non-absorbable bone wax to absorbable bone wax and analyzed the composition characteristics, degradation performance, and application advantages and limitations of various products in different clinical scenarios. Furthermore, this paper explored the in vivo metabolic pathways of core components including polyethylene glycol, poloxamer, polylactic acid, and calcium phosphate materials and investigated the mechanisms by which their degradation and absorption behaviors affect bone healing outcomes. Finally, this paper envisioned the development trend of bone surface hemostasis from passive “physical occlusion” of non-absorbable bone wax toward “biological synergy” of absorbable bone wax and pointed out that future research should focus on the integrated hemostasis-osteogenesis model, enhancement of antibacterial functions, personalized customization strategies, and construction of clinical validation systems, thereby facilitating the realization of true biological healing in orthopedic hemostatic repair.

Regulation of microglial AhR-SYK pathway by electroacupuncture to promote myelin debris clearance and remyelination

WANG Liang, WU Shuai, NING Xianhui, ZHANG Tongtong, WU Xinyi, ZHU Zhe, WANG Yumeng, ZHOU Yi, WANG Jun

2026, 32(3):  388-401.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2731

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To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on myelin debris clearance and remyelination in cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelinated mice through regulating the microglial aryl hydrocarbon receptor-spleen tyrosine kinase (AhR-SYK) pathway, a demyelination model was established by feeding C57BL/6J mice with 0.3% CPZ. Behavioral tests, immunofluorescence (IF), transmission electron microscope (TEM), quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot were used to evaluate the degree of demyelination, inflammatory responses, and expression of the AhR-SYK pathway. The results showed that EA significantly shortened the beam walking time and prolonged the rotarod latency of CPZ mice. It significantly upregulated the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) and the proportion of myelinated axons in the corpus callosum, upregulated the expressions of AhR and SYK, reduced the fluorescence intensity of degraded MBP (dMBP) and lipid deposition, and downregulated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Nos2 and IL-1β. Therefore, it was concluded that EA might promote remyelination and motor function recovery by activating the AhR-SYK pathway to enhance microglial clearance of myelin debris and attenuate neuroinflammation.

Intelligent Engineering

3D walking gait planning and stability optimization of biped robots

ZHANG Yuhao, XU Yong, GUO Shuyan, SUN Weijun, LI Huizi, CHEN Yuhao, FENG Guoxin

2026, 32(3):  402-419.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2716

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To address the stable walking issue of biped robots in three-dimensional space, this paper first employed the cubic spline interpolation method to plan the hip and ankle joint trajectories required for the three-dimensional walking of the robot. Subsequently, forward and inverse position analysis models were proposed, and their parameters were solved. Based on this, an accurate numerical calculation of the foot zero moment point (ZMP) trajectory during the three-dimensional walking process of the robot was achieved. To ensure the stability of the robot’s three-dimensional walking, this paper proposed a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for optimizing the lateral offset of the robot’s hip joint and obtained the optimal lateral trajectory of the hip joint that guarantees the robot’s stable walking. The results of the subsequent virtual simulation experiments show that the approach proposed in this paper, first planning the hip and ankle joint trajectories, then solving the position model parameters and ZMP trajectory, and finally optimizing the lateral trajectory of the hip joint, is not only reasonable, feasible, and easy to calculate but also reliably ensures the stable three-dimensional walking of the robot. The research methods and conclusions of this paper are expected to lay a necessary foundation for the motion planning and control of humanoid robots.

Data-driven modeling method for ship rolling based on Koopman operator

JIANG Wentao, ZHENG Jianyong, QIE Tongtong, HUANG Kongyang, YU Jincheng

2026, 32(3):  420-431.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2728

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To address the precise modeling problem of highly nonlinear ship rolling motion, a data-driven modeling method based on Koopman operator was proposed. Firstly, based on the random wave model and the ship rolling dynamics model, the ship rolling dynamics model under random waves was established. Secondly, the extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD) method was used to approximate the Koopman operator, and a high-dimensional linear model of ship rolling was established. After determining the basis function used by the high-dimensional linear model and the spatial dimension of system lifting, data-driven modeling was carried out based on the ship rolling data obtained by Matlab Simulink simulation. The experimental results show that the established Koopman linear model is significantly better than the three models of local linearization, feedback linearization, and unscented Kalman filter in terms of tracking accuracy for ship roll angle and roll angular velocity, and the calculation speed of the model is significantly improved. The research results in this paper provide certain technical support for the application of the high-dimensional linear control fitting method in ship attitude stability control.

Civil Engineering

Intelligent inversion of steel frame structures based on hybrid genetic-differential evolution algorithm

WANG Haotian, HAN Tan, WANG Yilong, YAN Shen, CHEN Lieyun, ZHAO Xianzhong

2026, 32(3):  432-446.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2721

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This paper proposed an intelligent inversion method for design parameters of steel frame structures based on intelligent optimization algorithms. It incorporated regulatory constraints and prior knowledge into the calculation, constructed a general workflow for intelligent inversion, and improved the inversion efficiency by improving the hybrid algorithm. Preliminary research results showed that compared with traditional methods, the new method had obvious advantages in accuracy and efficiency, providing a new solution for the maintenance of building structures.

Analysis of progressive collapse resistance of bolted beam-to-upright connection substructures in steel storage racks

DAI Liusi, YAO Hao, REN Chong

2026, 32(3):  447-463.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2589

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To study the progressive collapse resistance of bolted beam-to-upright connections in steel storage racks, an experimental study was conducted on their double half-span substructures under a middle column removal scenario to explore the effects of no-load and half-load conditions on the internal force effects and resistance performance of the substructures. The full-range load-displacement curves and typical failure modes of the substructure specimens were provided, and it was found that the typical failure mode of the bolted beam-to-upright connections was the combination of tab crack and bolt bearing failure leading to tearing of beam-end-connector (T+B). A full-scale refined finite element model was constructed, and its reliability was validated by comparing with the experimental results. Furthermore, the effects of the number and positions of bolts on the progressive collapse resistance of the substructures were explored. The experimental results showed that compared with the beam-to-upright connection substructure specimen locked with one upper bolt under no-load, the pallet cargo load weakened the ultimate vertical resistance and deformation capacity of the bolted beam-to-upright connection substructures. Locking two bolts (upper and lower) significantly improved the ultimate vertical resistance of the substructures, but the ultimate deformation capacity was poor. Locking one lower bolt slightly improved the ultimate vertical resistance of the connection substructures, while the ultimate deformation capacity of the substructures significantly decreased. For the progressive collapse resistance design of beam-to-upright connections in steel storage racks, it was recommended to lock one upper bolt or two bolts (upper and lower) to improve the structural robustness against progressive collapse.

Experimental of mechanical properties of LY160 steel after high temperature exposure

ZHU Cunping, WANG Jiayu, ZHANG Qiang, HE Wenfu

2026, 32(3):  464-477.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2645

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Sixty LY160 steel specimens are designed and fabricated and subjected to uniaxial tensile tests after cooling from high temperature. First, the mechanical properties of LY160 steel subjected to temperatures ranging from 20 to 1 000 ℃ are obtained through heating, cooling, and tensile tests. Then, the mechanical properties of Q235, Q345, Q460, and Q690 steels after high-temperature heating and water cooling are compared. Finally, based on the experimental results, formulas describing the temperature-dependent mechanical parameters of LY160 steel after high-temperature heating and cooling are fitted. The results show that as the temperature increases, the color of the specimens darkens, and the luster gradually disappears. In addition, the yield plateau in the stress-strain curve gradually disappears with increasing temperature, while water cooling causes its premature disappearance in LY160 steel. Temperature and cooling methods have a significant impact on the yield strength and elongation of LY160 steel, while their influence on ultimate strength and elastic modulus is relatively small. Below 300 ℃, the mechanical properties remain similar to those at room temperature. Above 300 ℃, the trends in yield strength and ultimate strength are consistent, but the change in yield strength is greater. Significant changes in elongation only occur from 700 ℃ onwards, and the change in elastic modulus is not pronounced. The mechanical properties of different grades of steel after cooling from high temperature differ markedly, and LY160 steel exhibits notable changes in yield strength at relatively low temperatures (400 ℃). The experimental results match well with the fitting curves, and the fitting formulas allow for the rapid acquisition of the mechanical properties of LY160 steel after high-temperature exposure.

Cyclic simple shear characteristics of overconsolidated granite residual soil

LIU Feiyu, ZHANG Xinya, YU Wei, LIU Wenyan

2026, 32(3):  478-490.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2579

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A set of constant volume cyclic simple shear tests was performed to study the impacts of various cyclic stress ratio (CSR = 0.21~0.53) and overconsolidation ratio (OCR = 1~4) on the dynamic shear characteristics of granite residual soil. This study analyzed the stress-strain relationship, degradation index, dynamic elastic modulus, and cumulative shear strain of residual soil. The results showed that the granite residual soil exhibited softening behavior at different overconsolidation ratios. The softening index decreased with an increasing number of cycles, showing a linear relationship at low stress levels and a nonlinear relationship near the critical cyclic stress ratio. The dynamic elastic modulus exhibited significant attenuation with an increase in OCR. The threshold for the cyclic stress ratio increases with higher overconsolidation ratios under cyclic loading. In addition, a prediction model for the cumulative shear strain was developed considering the overconsolidation ratio, cyclic stress ratio, and number of cycles. This research provides valuable insights for analyzing the cumulative deformation of granite residual soil subgrades under traffic loads.

Bearing capacity and failure mechanism of bored piles with constrained grouting expansion

SHEN Yang, WANG Changhong, MA Chengtao, TANG Daofei, YANG Tianxiao

2026, 32(3):  491-506.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2580

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Bored piles with constrained grouting expansion (BPCGE) are an innovative approach for piling that integrates isotropic high-pressure grouting with constrained expansion techniques. This method is recognized for its robust compressive load-bearing capabilities and superior pile quality. However, the presence of an expansion body complicates the understanding of vertical compressive pile-soil interactions, particularly those associated with the load-bearing capacity and failure mechanisms. Hence, a visual semi-model pile testing schema is developed in this study. Experimental and finite-element analyses are conducted to investigate the bearing capacity and failure mechanisms of BPCGE. Initially, a visual static load test is conducted on a semi-modeled pile based on the principle of similarity to discern the load-bearing characteristics of the pile. Digital image correlation is used to measure the displacement and deformation patterns of soil around the pile. An expansion correction coefficient for the bottom resistance is introduced following the analysis. Subsequently, numerical simulations are performed using the ABAQUS software, where the modified Cam-Clay model is utilized to simulate the compressive static-load test of BPCGE under various size parameters. The effects of these parameters on the ultimate bearing capacity and the pile’s end-bearing capacity are investigated, which are then considered to further refine the expansion correction coefficient for the bottom resistance. Finally, a formula for calculating the bearing is established, and the calculated values are compared with data from field static-load tests. The findings indicate that BPCGE can be classified as end-bearing friction piles, with the shear failure of the pile tip soil being the primary cause of failure. Meanwhile, the expansion correction coefficient for the bottom resistance should be set from 1.92 to 2.30, based on practical project considerations. By selecting an appropriate coefficient based on the size parameters of BPCGE, the pile end resistance can be adjusted to account for combined end resistance. The ultimate bearing capacity calculated using the proposed formula is consistent with actual measurements, with an error margin of 9.3%, as compared with the field test results. This study provides theoretical insights and practical guidelines for the design and implementation of BPCGE.

Impact response of isolation ditch structure defects on isolation structures

XU Hao, JIANG Nan, HE Wenfu, QIAO Junbo

2026, 32(3):  507-516.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2537

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This paper studied the impact of potential structural defects in isolation trenches in practical projects. Taking a 10-story concrete frame isolation structure as a research object, this study used the linear elastic collision model to analyze and discussed the influential parameters of different fillers of the isolation trench, impact gap of the isolation trench, connection form of the pipeline across the isolation trench, etc. The results indicated that the acceleration at the bottom of the structure increased with an increasing collision stiffness. When the isolation ditch was filled with concrete fragments, the acceleration response was the highest, and the structural response gradually increased and tended to stabilize with an increase in the isolation ditch clearance. When the pipeline crossing the isolation trench was rigidly connected or partially filled, the structure produced a significant torsional effect, which increased the risk of damage to the support and structure.

Seismic performance test and bearing capacity calculation of a prefabricated self-insulating shear wall with T-shaped boundary members

HU Baolin, ZUO Zhiyuan, GONG Zuping, WU Renjie

2026, 32(3):  517-532.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2599

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To better meet the thermal insulation requirements of prefabricated shear walls, a prefabricated self-insulating shear wall with T-shaped boundary members was proposed, which consists of T-shaped self-insulating boundary members, shear wall webs, and alveolar vertical joints. First, the seismic performance and failure mode of this prefabricated shear wall were studied through a cyclic loading test on the specimen of the prefabricated self-insulating shear wall with T-shaped boundary members. The test results indicate that the hysteretic curve of the prefabricated self-insulating shear wall with T-shaped boundary members is relatively full, and it has good ductility and energy dissipation capacity; its failure mode is the shear failure of the alveolar vertical joint. Based on the validation of the experimental data, a numerical model was used to analyze the efiects of difierent alveolar strengths on the overall performance of the shear wall. Based on the continuous link method, calculation formulas for the lateral stifiness and bearing capacity of the prefabricated self-insulating shear wall with T-shaped boundary members were proposed through a theoretical analysis. A comparison among the theoretical calculation values, experimental values, and simulation values shows that the theoretical calculation values are relatively accurate, which can provide a reference for the design of the prefabricated self-insulating shear wall with T-shaped boundary members.

Seismic response and fragility of frame-shear wall structures with self-centering viscoelastic dampers

LIU Xuanhan, SHU Zhan

2026, 32(3):  533-543.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2656

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In this paper, a self-centering rotational viscoelastic coupling beam damper with shape memory alloy (SMA) was proposed to enhance the seismic resilience of structures and achieve high-performance seismic objectives. To validate the effectiveness of the structural system with self-centering dampers, a conventional reinforced concrete frameshear wall structure and a concrete frame with self-centering dampers were designed, and nonlinear time-history analysis and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) were conducted through nonlinear finite element models. Firstly, the response characteristics of the two types of structures under the maximum considered earthquakes (MCEs) were analyzed. Furthermore, with peak ground acceleration as the ground motion intensity measure, and maximum inter-story drift ratio and maximum residual drift ratio as the damage measures, the probabilistic seismic demand models and fragility curves under four different structural damage states were obtained according to the IDA results, which quantified the effects of the self-centering dampers on the seismic performance and post-earthquake recoverable performance of the reinforced concrete frame-shear wall structure. The results show that under maximum considered earthquakes, the residual drift ratio of the self-centering frame can be reduced by 34%; the post-earthquake recovery performance can be improved by 23%, and the self-centering frame has good seismic collapse resistance.

Prediction of surface subsidence in super large diameter mud-water balance shield construction based on a machine learning algorithm

ZHENG Chenlu, ZHANG Mengxi, WU Huiming, LI Gang

2026, 32(3):  544-553.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2533

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With the advancement of artificial intelligence technology, certain machine learning models have gradually been applied in the field of geotechnical engineering. These models aim to accurately predict the surface settlement caused by shield tunneling and facilitate the timely implementation of appropriate measures. Leveraging data from the construction of the Shanghai Beiheng Tunnel’s super large diameter shield tunneling, three types of machine learning models were employed: random forest (RF), support vector machines (SVM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Geological, geometric, and advancement parameters were utilized as inputs to forecast the final surface settlement resulting from the excavation of a super large diameter shield tunnel. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used to obtain the optimal hyperparameters for each machine learning model. Using the initial 70 data points within a specific section as the foundational training set, dynamic predictions were made for 27 subsequent data points. This allowed for the assessment of the models’ accuracy in predicting the final surface settlement. The results indicated that the SVM’s predictive performance was relatively poor (with a mean squared error (MSE) of 5.06 and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.13). In contrast, the two decision-tree-based ensemble algorithms (RF and XGBoost) exhibited better predictive results for surface settlement. Specifically, RF demonstrated an MSE of 1.35 and an R² of 0.70, whereas XGBoost had an MSE of 2.2 and an R² of 0.57. These ensemble algorithms can accurately predict the final surface settlement and thereby provide a novel approach for controlling construction and predicting surface settlement in the context of super large diameter slurry shield tunneling in soft soil regions.

Mathematics

Analysis of droplet shape modeling based on parametric variational method

LIU Yanan, WANG Yuandi, HUANG Tingen, ZHANG Peng

2026, 32(3):  554-564.  doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2508

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The parametric equation form plays a unifying role in characterizing hydrophilic and hydrophobic droplet models. Considering the influence of gravity on droplet shapes, parametric equations were introduced into the two-dimensional droplet model and the three-dimensional droplet model under axisymmetric conditions, respectively. Based on the two-dimensional Young– Laplace equation, the functional relationship of the two-dimensional droplet proflle was derived. By utilizing the axisymmetric droplet shape analysis method under the condition of minimizing the droplet surface free energy and the gravitational potential energy, combined with the variational method, the governing equation of the three-dimensional droplet shape and its corresponding contact angle formula under the parametric equation were derived. Furthermore, the difierences between the droplet shapes in the two models and the experimental data were compared. The data indicate that the numerical simulation of this model has a high degree of agreement with the experimental results.