Specialty optical fibers and components have wide applications in the fields of optical fiber communications and sensors. Recently, in the Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, various novel specialty optical fibers by combining nanotechnology and optical fiber technology have been studied and proposed, for example, nanosemiconductor doped fiber, irradiation resistant fiber, cladding mode resonant fiber and semiconductor quantum dot fiber amplifier, etc. The applications of wideband fiber amplifier and specialty fiber sensors have also been investigated