To improve the low-temperature performance and voltage plateau of lithium-fluorinated carbon (Li/CF$_{x}$) batteries, a novel electrolyte with a high donor number (DN) solvent 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) was designed to enhance environmental adaptability and energy density. Research results demonstrated that the environmental adaptable electrolyte exhibited low viscosity, high ionic conductivity, and wettability. Furthermore, DMI possessed a high DN, high nucleophilicity, and strong solvation ability with Li$^{+}$, which reduced the energy barrier for C-F covalent bond cleavage. The Li/CF$_{x}$ batteries with the environmental adaptable electrolyte exhibited a discharge voltage plateau of 2.34, 2.61, and 2.75 V at $-30$, 25 and 45 ℃, respectively. Meanwhile, an ultra-high energy density of 1 632, 1 938 and 2 155 W$\cdot $h/kg was achieved.
ZHU Delun
,
YUAN Jingchao
,
DAI Yang
,
PENG Yuqing
,
LI Wenrong
,
LI Aijun
. Environmental-adaptable high energy density lithium-fluorinated carbon batteries enabled by electrolytes with high donor number[J]. Journal of Shanghai University, 2025
, 31(5)
: 895
-906
.
DOI: 10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2538
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