A new cyclic immersion method (CIM) is developed to enhance the penetration efficiency of conservation materials into waterlogged wood. CIM involves the controlled dehydration of wood followed by immersion into a conservation material, with the cycle repeated to enhance penetration. Three conservation materials, commonly used polyethylene glycol (PEG), natural particulate cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and water-soluble chitooligosaccharide (COS), are tested. CIM's effectiveness is assessed through visual morphology, weight percent gain, volume shrinkage and color change, combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) analyses. Results show CIM significantly enhances material penetration, especially for PEG, which achieved a 102% weight gain, more than double that of TSM, with minimal shrinkage and an acceptable color change. CIM might promotes the formation of hydrogen bonds between conservation materials and wood, offering an efficient method for conservation material penetration.
XU Qingmeng
,
ZHU Jinmeng
,
DONG Wenqiang
,
LUO Hongjie
. A new cyclic immersion method for the conservation of waterlogged wood[J]. Journal of Shanghai University, 2025
, 31(5)
: 860
-871
.
DOI: 10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2703
[1] Grattan D W, Clarke R W. 9-Conservation of waterlogged wood [M]//Pearson C. Conservation of marine archaeological objects. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1987: 164-206.
[2] Gerardin P . New alternatives for wood preservation based on thermal and chemical modification of wood—a review [J]. Annals of Forest Science, 2016, 73: 559-570.
[3] Jensen K M, Aluri E R, Perez E S, et al. Location and characterization of heterogeneous phases within Mary Rose wood [J]. Matter, 2022, 5(1): 150-161.
[4] Lucejko J J, Mc Queen C M A, Sahlstedt M, et al. Comparative chemical investigations of alum treated archaeological wood from various museum collections [J]. NPJ Heritage Science, 2021, 9(1): 69.
[5] Graves D J. A comparative study of consolidants for waterlogged wood: polyethylene glycol, sucrose and silicon oil [J]. The Scottish Society for Conservation and Restoration, 2004, 15(3): 13-17.
[6] Antonelli F. Nanoparticle-based consolidants and natural biocides for waterlogged rchaeological wood. Challenges in testing new materials with innovative techniques [R]. Viterbo: Universita Degli Studi Della Tuscia, 2020.
[7] Rowell R M, Barbour R J. Archaeological wood: properties, chemistry, and preservation [M]. Washington: American Chemical Society, 1989.
[8] Parrent J M. The conservation of waterlogged wood using sucrose [J]. Studies in Conservation, 1985, 30: 63-72.
[9] Witzel R F, Burnham R W, Onley J W. Threshold and suprathreshold perceptual color differences [J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1973, 63(5): 615-625.
[10] Wozniak J C, Dimmel D R, Malcolm E W. The generation of quinones from lignin and lignin-related compounds [J]. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 1989, 9(4): 491-511.
[11] Sreekumar S, Wattjes J, Niehues A, et al. Biotechnologically produced chitosans with nonrandom acetylation patterns difier from conventional chitosans in properties and activities [J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13(1): 7125.
[12] Smidsrød O, Haug A. Estimation of the relative stiffness of the molecular chain in polyelectrolytes from measurements of viscosity at different ionic strengths [J]. Biopolymers: Original Research on Biomolecules, 1971, 10(7): 1213-1227.
[13] He L, Liu X, Kuang Y, et al. Efiect of polyethylene glycol with different molecular weights on the properties of mytilaria laosensis timber [J]. Forests, 2024, 15(8): 1401.
[14] Nam S, French A D, Condon B D, et al. Segal crystallinity index revisited by the simulation of X-ray diffraction patterns of cotton cellulose Ib and cellulose Ⅱ [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2016, 135: 1-9.
[15] Cai C, Chen Z, Ye S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable and photocrosslinkable multi-block poly (ether-ester): molecular-weight and component of the polyethylene glycol segment dependence [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2023, 140(47): e54693.
[16] Khan A, Mehmood S, Shafiq M, et al. Structural and antimicrobial properties of irradiated chitosan and its complexes with zinc [J]. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2013, 91: 138-142.
[17] Wiercigroch E, Szafraniec E, Czamara K, et al. Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: a review [J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2017, 185: 317-335.
[18] Bingham J. A quantitative and nondestructive method for determining the degradation of waterlogged archaeological wood [D]. Greenville: East Carolina University, 2013.
[19] Mortensen M N. Stabilization of polyethylene glycol in archaeological wood [D]. Kongens Lyngby: Technical University of Denmark, 2009.
[20] Kyzas G Z, Kostoglou M, Lazaridis N K. Copper and chromium (Ⅵ) removal by chitosan derivatives—equilibrium and kinetic studies [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2009, 152(2/3): 440-448.
[21] Walsh Z, Janecek E R, Jones M, et al. Natural polymers as alternative consolidants for the preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood [J]. Studies in Conservation, 2017, 62(3): 173-183.
[22] Chaudhary J P, Vadodariya N, Nataraj S K, et al. Chitosan-based aerogel membrane for robust oil-in-water emulsion separation [J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2015, 7(44): 24957-24962.
[23] Sun R C, Tomkinson J, Wang Y X, et al. Physico-chemical and structural characterization of hemicelluloses from wheat straw by alkaline peroxide extraction [J]. Polymer, 2000, 41(7): 2647-2656.
[24] Appunni S, Rajesh M P, Prabhakar S. Nitrate decontamination through functionalized chitosan in brackish water [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2016, 147: 525-532.
[25] Roman M, Winter W T. Efiect of sulfate groups from sulfuric acid hydrolysis on the thermal degradation behavior of bacterial cellulose [J]. Biomacromolecules, 2004, 5(5): 1671-1677.
