Journal of Shanghai University >
Polyhedral bi-shell CO$_{\bf 3}$O$_{\bf 4}$-ZnO and its CO sensing performance
Received date: 2019-02-27
Online published: 2019-06-17
Herein, Co-doped ZIF (zeolitic imidazolate framework)-8 was synthesised via static precipitation method using methanol as solvent. The synthesised ZIF-8 was subsequently annealed under air atmosphere in a tubular furnace, yielding polyhedral bi-shell Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$-ZnO. The composition, morphology, and thermal stability of the synthesised materials were characterised via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). Results show that the pure ZIF-8 remained stable at relatively low annealing temperature, whereas at higher annealing temperature, ZIF-8 transformed to a collapsed ZnO structure. The polyhedral bi-shell Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$-ZnO (CZO-4) was obtained by annealing 4% Co-doped ZIF-8 at a low temperature, suggesting that Co provides an active site for catalytic oxidation during the oxidation of ZIF-8 and reduces the oxidation barrier of 2-methylimidazole. Meanwhile, the low annealing temperature can provide sufficient forming process for ZnO to retain the rhombic dodecahedron structure. The oxidation growth process, catalysed by Co element, from outside to inside eventually results in the growth of ZnO into the bi-shell structure. When the Co loading is increased to 8%, the formation of bi-shell layer is not obvious (CZO-8). Compared with CZO-8 and ZnO, CZO-4 has better CO sensing performance, high sensitivity ($R_\mathrm a/R_\mathrm g = 21.8$@100$\times $10$^{-6}$ CO), high selectivity (up to 8.7 times of H$_{2}$ response), and long-term stability (stable signal in 42-day tests). This is because CZO-4 has a large specific surface area, gas transport channels, and Co as an active site for CO catalytic oxidation, resulting in an enhancement in gas sensing performance.
YUAN Tongwei, ZHANG Wenshuang, MA Zhiheng, XU Jiaqiang . Polyhedral bi-shell CO$_{\bf 3}$O$_{\bf 4}$-ZnO and its CO sensing performance[J]. Journal of Shanghai University, 2021 , 27(5) : 866 -878 . DOI: 10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2193
| [1] | Kida T, Doi T, Shimanoe K. Synjournal of monodispersed SnO$_{2}$ nanocrystals and their remarkably high sensitivity to volatile organic compounds[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2010, 22(8): 2662-2667. |
| [2] | Broza Y Y, Vishinkin R, Barash O, et al. Synergy between nanomaterials and volatile organic compounds for non-invasive medical evaluation[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2018, 47(13): 4781-4859. |
| [3] | Lin H, Jang M, Suslick K S. Preoxidation for colorimetric sensor array detection of VOCs[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011, 133(42): 16786-16789. |
| [4] | Gross P A, Jaramillo T, Pruitt B. Cyclic-voltammetry-based solid-state gas sensor for methane and other VOC detection[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2018, 90(10): 6102-6108. |
| [5] | Ren F, Gao L, Yuan Y, et al. Enhanced BTEX gas-sensing performance of CuO/SnO$_{2}$ composite[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2016, 223: 914-920. |
| [6] | Xue Z, Cheng Z, Xu J, et al. Controllable evolution of dual defect Zn$_{i}$ and V$_{\rm O}$ associate-rich ZnO nanodishes with (0001) exposed facet and its multiple sensitization effect for ethanol detection[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9(47): 41559-41567. |
| [7] | Gao L, Cheng Z, Xiang Q, et al. Porous corundum-type In$_{2}$O$_{3}$ nanosheets: synjournal and NO$_{2}$ sensing properties[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2015, 208: 436-443. |
| [8] | Shi J, Cheng Z, Gao L, et al. Facile synjournal of reduced graphene oxide/hexagonal WO$_{3}$ nanosheets composites with enhanced H$_{2}$S sensing properties[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2016, 230: 736-745. |
| [9] | Xu J, Xue Z, Qin N, et al. The crystal facet-dependent gas sensing properties of ZnO nanosheets: experimental and computational study[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 242: 148-157. |
| [10] | Li G, Cheng Z, Xiang Q, et al. Bimetal PdAu decorated SnO$_{2}$ nanosheets based gas sensor with temperature-dependent dual selectivity for detecting formaldehyde and acetone[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2019, 283: 590-601. |
| [11] | Ma J, Ren Y, Zhou X, et al. Pt nanoparticles sensitized ordered mesoporous WO$_{3}$ semiconductor: gas sensing performance and mechanism study[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28(6): 1705268. |
| [12] | Li Y, Zhou X, Luo W, et al. Pore engineering of mesoporous tungsten oxides for ultrasensitive gas sensing[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2018, 6(1): 1801269. |
| [13] | Kou X, Wang C, Ding M, et al. Synjournal of Co-doped SnO$_{2}$ nanofibers and their enhanced gas-sensing properties[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2016, 236: 425-432. |
| [14] | Li B, Liu J, Liu Q, et al. Core-shell structure of ZnO/Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$ composites derived from bimetallic-organic frameworks with superior sensing performance for ethanol gas[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2019, 475: 700-709. |
| [15] | Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Ma J, et al. Mesoporous tungsten oxides with crystalline framework for highly sensitive and selective detection of foodborne pathogens[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139(30): 10365-10373. |
| [16] | Pan Y, Sun K, Liu S, et al. Core-shell ZIF-8@ZIF-67-derived CoP nanoparticle-embedded N-doped carbon nanotube hollow polyhedron for efficient overall water splitting[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(7): 2610-2618. |
| [17] | Hobday C L, Woodall C H, Lennox M J, et al. Understanding the adsorption process in ZIF-8 using high pressure crystallography and computational modelling[J]. Nature Communication, 2018, 9(1): 1429. |
| [18] | Zhang R, Zhou T, Wang L, et al. Metal-organic frameworks-derived hierarchical Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$ structures as efficient sensing materials for acetone detection[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10(11): 9765-9773. |
| [19] | Jo Y M, Kim T H, Lee C S, et al. Metal-organic framework-derived hollow hierarchical Co$_{3}$O$_{4 }$ nanocages with tunable size and morphology: ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of methylbenzenes[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10(10): 8860-8868. |
| [20] | Hjiri M, el Mir L, Leonardi S G, et al. Al-doped ZnO for highly sensitive CO gassensors[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2014, 196: 413-420. |
| [21] | Paliwal A, Sharma A, Tomar M, et al. Carbon monoxide (CO) optical gas sensor based on ZnO thin films[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 250: 679-685. |
| [22] | Hjiri M, el Mir L, Leonardi S G, et al. Al-doped ZnO for highly sensitive CO gas sensors[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2014, 196: 413-420. |
| [23] | Paliwal A, Sharma A, Tomar M, et al. Carbon monoxide (CO) optical gas sensor based on ZnO thin films[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 250: 679-685. |
| [24] | Cheng Z, Huang C, Song L, et al. Electrospinning synjournal of CdIn$_{2}$O$_{4}$ nanofibers for ethanol detection[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2015, 209: 530-535. |
| [25] | Gao L, Ren F, Cheng Z, et al. Porous corundum-type In$_{2}$O$_{3}$ nanoflowers: controllable synjournal, enhanced ethanol-sensing properties and response mechanism[J]. CrystEngComm, 2015(17): 3268-3276. |
| [26] | Saliba D, Ammar M, Rammal M, et al. Crystal growth of ZIF-8, ZIF-67 and their mixed-metal derivatives[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(5): 1812-1823. |
| [27] | Hu P, Long M. Cobalt-catalyzed sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation: a review on heterogeneous catalysts and applications[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 181: 103-117. |
| [28] | Deng S, Liu X, Chen N, et al. A highly sensitive VOC gas sensor using p-type mesoporous Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$ nanosheets prepared by a facile chemical coprecipitation method[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2016, 233: 615-623. |
| [29] | Wen Z, Zhu L, Zhang Z, et al. Fabrication of gas sensor based on mesoporous rhombus-shaped ZnO rod arrays[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2015, 208: 112-121. |
| [30] | Li Y, Chen N, Deng D, et al. Formaldehyde detection: SnO$_{2}$ microspheres for formaldehyde gas sensor with high sensitivity, fast response/recovery and good selectivity[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 238: 264-273. |
| [31] | Pan X, Zhao X, Chen J, et al. A fast-response/recovery ZnO hierarchical nanostructure based gas sensor with ultra-high room-temperature output response[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2015, 206: 764-771. |
| [32] | Shendage S S, Patil V L, Vanalakar S A, et al. Sensitive and selective NO$_{2}$ gas sensor based on WO$_{3}$ nanoplates[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 240: 426-433. |
| [33] | Vetter S, Haffer S, Wagner T, et al. Nanostructured Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$ as a CO gas sensor: temperature-dependent behavior[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2015, 206: 133-138. |
| [34] | Patil D, Patil P, Subramanian V, et al. Highly sensitive and fast responding CO sensor based on Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$ nanorods[J]. Talanta, 2010, 81: 37-43. |
| [35] | Wang Q, Wang C, Sun H, et al. Microwave assisted synjournal of hierarchical Pd/SnO$_{2}$ nanostructures for CO gas sensor[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2016, 222: 257-263. |
| [36] | Mohammadi M, Fray D. Low temperature nanocrystalline TiO$_{2}$-Fe$_{2}$O$_{3}$ mixed oxide by a particulate sol-gel route: physical and sensing characteristics[J]. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2012, 46: 43-51. |
| [37] | Basu A K, Chauhan P S, Awasthi M, et al. $\alpha $-Fe$_{2}$O$_{3}$ loaded rGO nanosheets based fast response/recovery CO gas sensor at room temperature[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2019, 465: 56-66. |
| [38] | Lu Z, Lü P, Liang Y, et al. CO oxidation catalyzed by the single Co atom embedded hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet: a DFT-D study[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2016, 18(31): 21865-21870. |
| [39] | Amiinu I S, Liu X, Pu Z, et al. From 3D ZIF nanocrystals to Co-N$_{x}$/C nanorod array electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and Zn-Air batteries[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28(5): 1704638. |
| [40] | Li X, Fang Y, Lin X, et al. MOF derived Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$ nanoparticles embedded in N-doped mesoporous carbon layer/MWCNT hybrids: extraordinary bi-functional electrocatalysts for OER and ORR[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2015, 3(33): 17392-17402. |
| [41] | Gao H, Wei D, Lin P, et al. The design of excellent xylene gas sensor using Sn-doped NiO hierarchical nanostructure[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 253: 1152-1162. |
| [42] | Fu D, Zhu C, Zhang X, et al. Two-dimensional net-like SnO$_{2}$/ZnO heteronanostructures for high-performance H$_{2}$S gas sensor[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2016, 4(4): 1390-1398. |
| [43] | Yao F Z, Wang K, Jo W, et al. Diffused phase transition boosts thermal stability of high-performance lead-free piezoelectrics[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2016, 26(8): 1217-1224. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
