研究了 3 种出口宽度和 4 种桌椅排列条件下教室内的人群疏散过程, 得到了疏散时间的空间分布. 对于双人课桌椅而言, 人们倾向于尽快进入最近的过道. 教室内桌椅的排列形式确定了上游的行人来流, 而出口宽度确定了出口的通行能力, 二者共同决定了教室内人群的疏散时间. 疏散时间并非随着过道数的增加而单调减少. 对于宽度固定的教室, 通常过道数越多, 越有利于疏散, 但过道宽度相应减小, 从两侧进入过道的人员冲突加剧, 又会影响疏散效率. 对于小出口情况, 由于在出口附近形成高密度阻塞区域, 使疏散时间明显增加, 可以通过控制上游的行人来流和减少行人之间的冲突来加快人群的疏散过程.
The process of evacuation from a classroom is investigated experimentally for three kinds of exit width and four kinds of internal layout. Spatial distribution of evacuation time is obtained to analyze evacuation efficiency. In case of double-desks, people tend to enter the nearest aisle. The arrangement of desks determines upstream flow from aisles and the exit width determines the flow capacity, both affecting the evacuation time. The evacuation time decreases with the increase of number of aisle, but not always so. For a classroom with a fixed width, more aisles are beneficial to evacuation. However, the reduced aisles width may cause conflicts between peoples from both sides. In case of small exit, congested area occurs at the exit and the evacuation time increases significantly. The evacuation process can be improved by controlling upstream flow and reducing conflicts among people.
[1] Helbing D, Buzna L, Johansson A, et al. Selforganized pedestrian crowd dynamics: experiments, simulations, and design solutions [J]. Transport Sci, 2005, 39(1): 1-24.
[2] Helbing D, Farkas I, Vicsek T. Simulating dynamical features of escape panic [J]. Nature, 2000, 407: 487-490.
[3] Helbing D, Johansson A, Al-Abideen H Z. Dynamics of crowd disasters: an empirical study [J]. Phys Rev E, 2007, 75(4): 046109.
[4] Seyfried A, Steffen B, Klingsch W, et al. The fundamental diagram of pedestrian movement revisited [J]. J Stat Mech: Theory Exp, 2005(10): P10002.
[5] 陈然, 董力耘. 中国大都市行人交通特征的实测和初步分析 [J]. 上海大学学报: 自然科学版, 2005, 11(1): 93-97.
[6] Isobe M, Adachi T, Nagatani T. Experiment and simulation of pedestrian counter flow [J]. Physica A, 2004, 336: 638-650.
[7] Kretz T, Grunebohm A, Kaufman M, et al. Experimental study of pedestrian counter flow in a corridor [J]. J Stat Mech: Theory Exp, 2006(10): P10001.
[8] Hoogendoorn S P, Daamen W, Bovy P H L. Microscopic pedestrian traffic data collection and analysis by walking experiments: behaviour at bottlenecks [C]//Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. 2003: 89-100.
[9] Kretz T, Grunebohm A, Schrecknberg M. Experimental study of pedestrian flow through a bottleneck [J]. J Stat Mech: Theory Exp, 2006(10): P10014.
[10] Nagai R, Nagatani T, Isobe M, et al. Effect of exit configuration on evacuation of a room without visibility [J]. Physica A, 2004, 343: 712-724.
[11] Isobe M, Helbing D, Nagatani T. Experiment, theory, and simulation of the evacuation of a room without visibility [J]. Phys Rev E, 2004, 69: 066132.
[12] Helbing D, Isobe M, Nagatani T, et al. Lattice gas simulation of experimentally studied evacuation dynamics [J]. Phys Rev E, 2003, 67(6): 067101.
[13] Zhang J, Song W G, Xu X. Experiment and multigrid modeling of evacuation from a classroom [J]. Physica A, 2008, 387: 5901-5909.
[14] Liu S B, Yang L Z, Fang T Y, et al. Evacuation from a classroom considering the occupant density around exits [J]. Physica A, 2009, 388: 1921-1928.
[15] 朱孔金, 杨立中. 房间出口位置及内部布局对疏散效率的影响研究 [J]. 物理学报, 2010, 59(11): 7701-7707.
[16] 陈亮, 郭仁拥, 塔娜. 双出口房间内疏散行人流的仿真和实验研究 [J]. 物理学报, 2013, 62(5): 050506.
