南方湿热地区砖构文物建筑长期处于高温高湿的耦合环境中,墙面水分滞留与可溶盐结晶循环作用相互叠加,是诱发建筑材料劣化与结构损伤的关键因素,会持续威胁建筑的真实性、完整性和长期保存.以全国重点文物保护单位——中共一大会址的建筑砖墙外立面为研究对象,综合采用微波无损检测、显微观察、X射线衍射和X射线荧光光谱技术,系统研究墙体内部含水率时空分布规律及表面盐害的形貌与成分特征.结果表明,在检测期间(2025年2月—2026年1月),南立面和东立面墙体含水率均呈明显的季节性变化,夏季6~8月为峰值期;5 cm深度处含水率对短期环境变化响应迅速,水分分布空间变异性较强;10 cm深度处含水率变化相对滞后,整体更潮湿;盐害区域产物以石英、碳酸钙和硫酸盐为主,伴随砖材的片状剥落、颗粒崩解等现象.基于墙体不同部位的病害特征和成因机制差异制定相应措施,是开展文物建筑科学化和精细化保护的重要基础.
Brick heritage buildings in the hot and humid regions of southern China are exposed to coupled high-temperature and high-humidity conditions. Moisture retention within brick walls and cyclic crystallization of soluble salts jointly drive material deterioration and structural damage, posing persistent threats to the authenticity, integrity, and long-term preservation of these heritage buildings. The Site of the First National Congress of CPC is a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level. Focusing on its brick facades, this study integrates microwave-based nondestructive testing, microscopic observation, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy to systematically investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of internal moisture content and the morphological and compositional characteristics of surface salt damage. The results show that, during the monitoring period from February 2025 to January 2026, moisture content in both the south and east facades exhibited pronounced seasonal fluctuations, with peak values occurring in summer, particularly from June to August. Moisture content at the depth of 5 cm responded rapidly to short-term environmental variations, and the moisture distribution showed obvious spatial heterogeneity. However, moisture content at the depth of 10 cm exhibited a delayed response and remained generally at higher values. Salt-damage products were composed primarily of quartz, calcium carbonate, and sulfates. The brick material was accompanied by deterioration phenomena such as flaking and granular disintegration. It is essential for scientific and refined conservation of heritage buildings to develop targeted measures based on the deterioration characteristics and mechanisms at different facade areas.
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