高比能硅基负极结构调控及界面设计

施利毅; 许跃峰

doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2707

上海大学学报(自然科学版) >

2025 , Vol. 31 >Issue 5: 797 - 812

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2707

材料科学

高比能硅基负极结构调控及界面设计

施利毅 ,
许跃峰

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上海大学纳米科学与技术研究中心, 上海 200444

收稿日期: 2025-08-28

网络出版日期: 2025-11-12

基金资助

国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFE0122400)

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Structural regulation and interface design of high speciflc energy silicon-based anode

SHI Liyi ,
XU Yuefeng

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Center for Nanoscience and Technology Research, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

Received date: 2025-08-28

Online published: 2025-11-12

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摘要

硅基负材料作为极具潜力的下一代负极候选材料,其理论比容量高达4 200 mAh$\cdot$g$^{-1}$,远超当前商用石墨负极材料(比容量仅为372 mAh$\cdot$g$^{-1}$).然而,硅基负极本征导电性差、巨大的体积膨胀效应以及表面副反应严重等问题,导致硅基负极循环稳定性差,且在高倍率等条件下性能不佳.在电池循环过程中,硅界面不稳定固体电解质界面(solid electrolyte interphase,SEI)膜的形成会严重导致电池内部极化增强、容量快速衰减以及循环寿命显著缩短,成为制约其应用的关键瓶颈.本文围绕硅材料现存问题,从结构调控与界面设计两方面介绍高比能硅基负极材料的构建,总结阐述了高比能硅基负极的设计思路与构建方法.通过深入研究硅负极材料和结构的设计原理,开发新材料、新技术和新工艺,解决上述问题,推动硅基负极向高倍率、长寿命、高安全性、宽温域的方向发展.

关键词： 硅基负极; 结构调控; 界面设计

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施利毅 , 许跃峰 . 高比能硅基负极结构调控及界面设计[J]. 上海大学学报(自然科学版), 2025 , 31(5) : 797 -812 . DOI: 10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2707

Abstract

Silicon-based anode materials, as a highly potential candidate for the next-generation anode, exhibit a theoretical specific capacity of up to 4 200 mAh$\cdot$g$^{-1}$, significantly surpassing the current commercial graphite anode materials (with a specific capacity of only 372 mAh$\cdot$g$^{-1})$. However, inherent challenges such as poor intrinsic conductivity, severe volumetric expansion, and parasitic surface reactions critically impair their cycling stability and high-rate performance. Especially, t. he unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on silicon surfaces exacerbates internal polarization, accelerates capacity degradation, and significantly limited cycle life, which have become bottlenecks restricting the commercial application of silicon-based anodes. This review systematically addresses these limitations through structural engineering and interface modification strategies, presenting novel approaches for constructing high-capacity silicon-based anodes and anticipating future research directions. This discourse systematically outlines the design principles and construction methodologies for high-energy-density silicon-based anodes. Through rigorous exploration of material science and structural engineering, this review also demonstrate novel materials, innovative techniques, and advanced protocals on silicon anodes to resolve existing limitations, enhancing the development of silicon-based anodes toward enhanced rate capability, prolonged cycle life, superior safety performance, and broader temperature range.

Key words： silicon-based anode; structural tuning; interface design

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