骨/软骨损伤是骨科临床中的常见病和多发病, 其治疗是骨科临床难题, 更是再生医学研究热点. 目前, 骨组织工程被广泛应用于骨/软骨修复, 其中生物活性支架材料搭载种子细胞可促进骨/软骨修复, 但该技术在骨/软骨新生过程中缺乏多维度、多层次的机制解析和有序调控, 无法有效诱导空间化骨/软骨微环境特征, 成骨/软骨活性不足, 临床修复效果有限. 因此, 亟须开发新的研究工具和技术, 以较小成本和简单方式模拟骨/软骨结构和生理功能, 复制其病理特点, 用于发病机制研究和促进骨/软骨再生修复. 近年来, 类器官技术的迅猛发展为再生医学研究提供了独特的解决方案. 骨/软骨类器官是近几年涌现出的概念, 在国内的研究亦刚刚起步. 系统地介绍了骨/软骨类器官的发展历程、构建策略、评价表征、机制探索以及临床前应用等方面的前沿进展, 旨在为对该领域感兴趣的学者提供参考, 推动骨/软骨类器官临床应用, 提升骨/软骨损伤修复效果, 为促进骨/软骨损伤组织有序再生修复提供全新干预策略.
Bone/cartilage injuries are common in orthopedics and are increasing annually. Treating these injuries is a clinical problem and is also a hot spot in regenerative medicine research. Currently, bone tissue engineering is used to construct bioactive scaffold materi-als loaded with seed cells to promote bone/cartilage repair. However, this technology lacks multi-dimensional and multi-level mechanism analysis and orderly regulation of biomateri-als in different stages of the bone/cartilage regeneration process, various cells, and specific microenvironment, and spatial bone/cartilage microenvironment characteristics cannot be effectively induced. The limited osteogenic/chondrogenic activity greatly limits its clinical repair effect. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop revolutionary research tools and technologies to mimic the structure and physiological functions of bone/cartilage in a low-cost and simple manner, to simulate the occurrence of such diseases under specific conditions, replicate pathological characteristics, and use them for pathogenesis research,to ultimately promote bone/cartilage regeneration and repair. Organoids technology offers a unique solution for regenerative medicine research. Bone/cartilage organoids is a new concept that has emerged in recent years, and domestic research is limited. This article covers the development, construction strategy, evaluation and characterization, mechanism exploration, and clinical application of bone/cartilage organoids, aiming to provide a refer-ence for scholars interested in this field, promote the clinical application of bone/cartilage organoids, improve the repair effect of bone/cartilage injuries, and provide a new interven-tion strategy for clinically promoting the orderly regeneration and repair of bone/cartilage tissue.
