Table of Content

29 December 2015, Volume 21 Issue 6

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Metallurgical Materials

Determination of gas and particle phase carbonyl compounds by AD-FP system and GC-MS

REN Qing-Qing, FENG Yan-Li, WANG Fang, CENG Cui-Beng

2015, 21(6):  671-686.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2014.03.019

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A GC-MS method were developed using an O-( 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) and XAD-4 coated annular denuder-filter pack (AD-FP) system for collecting gas and particle phase carbonyl compounds simultaneously. PFBHA was used as a derivatizing agent to coat the denuders and filters. When air flowed through the sampling system, the gaseous compounds were absorbed on the denuders while particles proceeded along the denuders and collected on the filters. The samples were extracted by n-hexane and concentrated, and then analyzed by GC-MS. The results suggest that the good collection efficiency can be achieved when the coating amount is 15 μmol (gas phase) and 0.8 μmol (particle phase) and the sampling flow rate is 5 L/min for 5 h. Collection efficiencies of carbonyl compounds were between 84% and 95%. The level of atmospheric concentration of carbonyl compounds showed seasonal variation (the concentrations of carbonyls in winter were higher than in summer) in Baoshan District, and the particle phase had a positive correlated with PM2.5. The gas-particle partitioning coefficient of carbonyl compounds was negatively correlated with temperature.

Preparation and properties of water-soluble fluorescent polymers

ZHANG Bao-Hua, ZHANG Suo-Meng, SHEN Ping-Ping, WANG Xin-Jun, SUN Chao, XU Li-Ying

2015, 21(6):  687-693.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2014.05.006

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Stilbene fluorescence monomer was synthesized by esterification and condensation with the main raw materials of chloromethyl benzoate, triethyl phosphate and terephthalaldehyde through Wittig-Horner reaction. Stilbene fluorescence monomer was then polymerized to produce fluorescent polymer with good water solubility, strong fluorescence, high stability and safety. The fluorescent monomer structure was characterized by infrared (IR) spectra. The fluorescence properties of fluorescent monomer and polymer were studied with a ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrophotometer and a fluorescence spectrophotometer. It was found that, compared with fluorescence monomer, the ultraviolet absorption peak of fluorescence polymer was red drifted with the absorption intensity lowered, but the fluorescence emission intensity was increased, meaning that near ultraviolet absorption is in favor of the increase of fluorescence emission intensity.

Degradation of Procion Red MX-5B in aqueous solution using electron beam

XU Pei-jun, BAO Yang-yang, ZHENG Ming, XU Gang, WU Ming-hong

2015, 21(6):  694-700.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2014.05.002

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The reactive azo dye Procion Red MX-5B (PR MX-5B) is hard to degrade completely in aqueous solutions with traditional biochemical methods. Electron beam irradiation was carried out to investigate the degradation at concentrations varying between 100 and 500 mg/L. Some influence factors such as absorbed does, initial concentration pH value and different system on degradation efficiency are discussed. The degradation is found to follow first-order kinetics by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV/V is detection. The results indicate that the factors do have effect on the reaction,for example, the degradation rates follow an order of ·OH oxidative system with saturated oxygen >·OH oxidative system with saturated air > e−aq reactive system with saturatednitrogen and isopropyl alcohol. Hydroxyl radical attacked azo linkage and aromatic ringof PR MX-5B leading to the fracture of benzene ring formed a series of byproducts aniline and small molecules organic acid. Electron beam irradiation is an effective and promisingmethod in waste water treated.  

Process parameters of ammonium sulfite oxidation in ammonia desulfurization technology

GU Xiao-Jing, HE Ren-Chu, WAN Hao, FAN Xiang-Dong

2015, 21(6):  701-708.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2014.03.009

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The influence of affecting factors on the oxidation rate of (NH₄)₂SO₃ including concentration of (NH₄)₂SO₃, concentration of (NH₄)₂SO₄, temperature, pH value, air flow rate and concentration of CoSO₄ were studied. The results showed that the oxidation rate of (NH₄)₂SO₃is lowered with the increase of initial concentration of (NH₄)₂SO_3. It is the same as concentration of (NH₄)₂SO₄. From 40 ℃ to 60 ℃, (NH₄)₂SO₃ oxidation rate increases with the increase of reaction temperature. The (NH₄)₂SO₃ oxidation rate is also influenced by the pH value of the mixed solution, with the most preferred value being 5.5. When the air flow rate is within 100~400 L/h and with increase of air flow, (NH₄)₂SO₃ oxidation rate increases. Taking into account the ammonia desulfurization project, the most appropriate process parameters are: reaction temperature at about 50 ℃, (NH₄)₂SO₃ at low concentration, the pH value of mixed solution at 5.5, air flow rate at 300 L/h and CoSO₄ at high concentration.

N-soliton solutions of combined AKNS-CLL equation

PAN Hong-Fei, XIA Tie-Cheng

2015, 21(6):  709-716.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2014.04.002

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The bilinear form and N-soliton solutions are derived for a combined AKNSCLL equation using the Hirota approach. These solutions are novel in general. The one-soliton solutions of the combined AKNS-CLL equation, AKNS equation and CLL equation were drawn. Also, the combined AKNS-CLL equation is given a different characteristic from the classical AKNS and CLL equations. The bilinear form and N-soliton solutions of combined nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation are obtained by reduction.

Function-valued Pad´e-Frobenius approximation using solution of integral equations of the second kind

WANG Hai-Feng, PAN Bao-Zhen, LIU Yong

2015, 21(6):  717-724.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2014.03.020

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Function-valued Padé-type approximation (FPTA) was applied to solve the Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. To avoid the constraint that the determinant of Hankel cannot equal to zero for FPTA, a definition and its construction of a function-valued Padé-Frobenius approximation (FPFA) is given. By studying the kernel structure of the Toeplitz matrix, an algorithm is presented for the function-valued Padé-Frobenious approximation with reduced denominator. Thus the application range of approximation solution of the integral equations is developed. Finally, an example is given to show effectiveness of the method.

Equivalence properties of some geometric inequalities

YUAN Shu-Feng, JIN Hai-Lin

2015, 21(6):  725-731.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2014.01.043

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Brunn-Minkowski inequality and Minkowski inequality are two important and fundamental inequalities in convex geometric analysis. Recently, some researchers established Orlicz extension of these two inequalities, and constructed a general framework for the Orlicz-Brunn-Minkowski theory. The purpose of this paper is to show equivalence properties of these four inequalities, i.e., classical Brunn-Minkowski inequality, classical Minkowski inequality, Orlicz-Brunn-Minkowski inequality and Orlicz-Minkowski inequality.

Numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer processes during preparation of MOCVD film

CA Qian-Qian, LEI Zhi-Di, DING Jue, WENG Pei-Fen

2015, 21(6):  732-741. 

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A mathematical model of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process is developed to understand the growth mechanism of GaAs films within a horizontal reactor. Two-dimensional numerical simulation on the reactive gas flow is performed based on the semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations (SIMPLE). Moreover, the theories of boundary layer on momentum, heat and mass transfer are used to analyze transport of chemical components and heat transfer between the reactor and gas during film preparation. The calculated GaAs growth rate is in agreement with the experimental results, indicating the impacts of intake air flow rate, operating pressure and temperature on the GaAs growth rate. It is revealed that, within the scope of the paper, the film growth rate increases with the rise of inlet gas velocity, while the film gradually exhibits inhomogeneity. Consequently, a flow rate of 0.104 m/s is chosen. By increasing the operating pressure, the film growth rate is increased, evidenced by the GaAs growth rate of 223% at 6 kPa, higher than that for the case of 2 kPa. In other words, it has a higher growth rate and better uniformity. Furthermore, the substrate temperature is a significant effect on the film growth rate as well. The condition of 1 050 K has a high growth rate and good uniformity, with GaAs growth rate being 123% higher than that of 950 K. The present study provides a theoretical understanding for optimizing the reaction conditions and the structure of MOCVD.

Optimal design of track hanging structure using a zero-order algorithm

XIANG Qing, YIN Zheng-Nan, QIN Hao

2015, 21(6):  742-748.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2015.03.003

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Use of out of tolerance in hanging rail construction in engineering machinery usually causes inadequate utilization of the material and results in waste. Based on a mechanical analysis of the main beam structure in track hanging, a design optimization problem of weight of the girder structure is transformed to a solution of optimal parameters values under mechanical constraints optimal parameters. Using a girder flange plate and the web geometry value as input parameters, structural strength, stiffness, stability as response parameters, an optimization model is established based on a zero-order algorithm. Optimization results of the main beam are obtained by finite element numerical calculation. The results show that the new design method can reduce weight of the main beam and improve the efficient use of materials.

Direct reduction of iron ore by hydrogen-rich gases and the carbon deposition behavior

GENG Shu-Hua, DING Wei-Zhong, GUO Shu-Qiang, FANG Zhan, ZOU Xing-Li, LU Xiong-Gang

2015, 21(6):  749-756.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2015.03.013

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Reformed coke oven gas (COG), a high quality raw material in steelmaking, can be used to produce direct reduced iron (DRI). In this work, the influences of H2/CO ratio and temperature on the reduction rate and carbon deposition behavior during the reduction process of iron ore are investigated by thermo- gravimetric analysis. The experimental results show that the reduction capacity of H2 is higher than that of CO. The reduction rate increases with the increase of H2 concentration in the mixture gases. When H2/CO ratio is higher than 8/2, the influence of H2 concentration in the mixture gases on the reduction rate decreases. Carbon deposition is observed in the later stage of the COrich gases reduction process. The carbon deposition rate decreases with the increase of H2 concentration in the mixture gases. Carbon deposition occurs preferentially at low temperature. When the temperature is above 850 C, carbon deposition is suppressed.

Effect of tanshinone ⅡA on UVA-induced apoptosis of HaCaT

SHI Wei-Gang, LIAO Xian-Yan, WENG Xin-Chu

2015, 21(6):  757-765.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2014.05.004

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Human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) were used as materials and effects of ultraviolet A (UVA), tanshinone ⅡA (TS ⅡA), and combination of UVA and TS ⅡA on cell viability and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling protein phosphorylation were studied using CCK8 and Western blot respectively. The results showed that UVA at 10 J/cm² lowered cell viability to about 70% of that of control, while 20 J/cm² dose led to further reduction to about 55%. Low concentration TSⅡA had no impact on cell viability, and high concentration TSⅡA (85 μmol/L) could decrease cell viability to 75%. When combined together, UVA and TS ⅡA significantly exhibited together inhibitory effect on cell viability compared to their individual effects. UVA irradiation elevated the phosphorylation level of p38 and JNK in MAPK cascade, but had no effect on phosphorylation of Erk. TS ⅡA could promote phosphorylation of p38 and JNK induced by low dose UVA (2 J/cm²). The above results indicate that UVA induces HaCaT apoptosis by promoting phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, and in turn, TS ⅡA further promotes its phosphorylation and accelerated HaCaT apoptosis

Determination of peppermint oil adulterated with plant oils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

ZHOU Fang-Fang, HU Yan-Yun, LV Ya-Ning, SONG Wei, YU Lu, HAN Fang, ZHENG Beng

2015, 21(6):  766-773.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2014.05.005

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A rapid and sensitive method is proposed for determination of peppermint oil adulterated with six edible plant oils using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). With identification of characteristic components of plant oils including linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid, it can be determined whether the peppermint oil is spiked with plant oils. Common and special components of six plant oils including soybean oil, blend oil, sesame oil, corn oil, peanut oil, and rapeseed oil are discussed after methyl esterification. The results show that the peppermint oil with more than 0.001% plant oils can be detected. Levels of the adulteration of the plant oils can be obtained based on the peak area ratio between the sum of four kinds of characteristic fatty acid and L-menthol. As a sensitive and reliable method, it provides an effective technique for the quality control of peppermint oil.

Volatility spillover effect between forward freight agreement and grain futures market

WEN Xin, DING Yi, LIN Guo-Long

2015, 21(6):  774-783.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2015.01.006

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From the financial point of view, this paper investigates volatility spillovers between forward freight agreement (FFA) and grain futures market. As one of the three major dry bulk cargoes in the world, grain has a mature futures market. FFA and main grain futures transported by Panamax are studied. First, statistical characteristics and co-integration relation of daily return series are analyzed and inspected. A generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is then constructed to analyze correlation and volatility spillover. The results indicate that the grain futures market leads to the changes of FFA market with respect to return and volatility. Thus, this paper demonstrates effectiveness of GARCH-class model to test volatility spillover, providing a theoretical basis for shipping operators.

Two-stage fuzzy-AHP model for risk assessment of inventory

LI Hui, SHAN Er-Fang, SUN Guang-Shuai

2015, 21(6):  784-794. 

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Inventory management is a major indicator for companies to control costs. Inventory management ensures goods to be stored efficently and keeps company stable operation. In  this paper, various internal and external factors are analyzed. Using a two- stage fuzzy-AHP  method, the indices of two kinds of different possibility are calculated. The risk index of goods  stored in different warehouse inventory are assessed to seek an optimal storage solution. The  company should be clear which are the most influential risk factors under the optimal storage solution.

Macro-meso test analysis of sand subsidence caused by withdrawing and recharging water

LI Yu-Qi, ZHANG Chi-Di, WENG Tian-Quan, HU Zai-Le

2015, 21(6):  795-802.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2015.02.022

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Using a self-designed apparatus for sand sample withdrawing and recharging water, macro vertical deformation of sand sample sand meso move of a sand particle induced by withdrawing and recharging water were analyzed. Vertical deformation of sand samples was measured in the test. Local soil particle pictures were taken and displacements and orientations of the soil particles were investigated with a geotechnical digital image processing (GeoDIP) software. Initially the sand was restructured. The sand settlement arose during withdrawing water and became larger during water recharging as a result of visco-elasto-plastic deformation of the sand sample. After the sand sample became stable, the settlement value became smaller than the initial stage during withdrawing water . The esilience value became larger than the initial stage during recharging water. Rotation of soil particles was small during the first withdrawal, became considerably large in the third withdrawal, and then became negligible during the sixth withdrawal. This work provides a reference for controlling city land subsidence.