砂岩质石窟是典型的石窟类型之一, 在长期自然环境和人类活动的双重作用下, 均面临不同程度的风化问题. 已有研究多采用单项检测技术评估石窟砂岩的风化程度, 但单项指标往往难以全面反映真实的风化状况. 为克服这一局限性, 开展了不同环境下的模拟风化试验,制备了不同风化程度的砂岩样品, 并选取质量、超声波速、磁化率和化学元素含量等多个指标,分别对样品进行了表征. 基于层次分析法 (analytic hierarchy process, AHP) 和主成分分析法(principal component analysis, PCA), 从主观和客观两个层面分别对石窟砂岩的风化程度进行多指标综合评估. 研究结果表明, 对于不同风化类型和程度的砂岩样品, AHP 和 PCA 方法获得的综合风化程度评分具有较高的一致性. 与单项检测指标相比, 所提出的综合评价方法与砂岩的实际风化进程呈现更强的相关性, 为石窟砂岩风化程度的精确评估提供了可靠的新方法.

Sandstone grottoes, a typical type of grotto, face varying degrees of weathering from long-term exposure to natural environments and human activities. Previous studies generally have typically used single-parameter detection techniques to evaluate the degree of weathering of sandstones grottoes. However, these single indicators often fail to fully reflect real weathering conditions. To address this limitation, we conducted simulated weathering experiments under different environmental conditions and prepared sandstone samples with varying degrees of weathering. Several indicators, including mass, ultrasonic velocity, magnetic susceptibility, and chemical element content, were used to characterize the samples. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and principal component analysis (PCA), a comprehensive multi-indicator assessment of the degree of weathering of the grotto sandstones was conducted from both subjective and objective perspectives. The results showed that the comprehensive weathering scores obtained by the AHP and PCA methods were highly consistent for sandstone samples with different weathering types and degrees. Compared to single-parameter detection indicators, the comprehensive method proposed in this study exhibited a stronger correlation with the actual weathering process of sandstone, providing a reliable approach for accurately assessing the degree of weathering in sandstone grottoes.