航空发动机涡轮流动及噪声数值模拟

doi:10.12066/j.issn.1007-2861.2349

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

发展可靠、高效、低噪声的发动机是航空工业不懈的追求. 涡轮作为航空发动机核心部件之一. 其流动及换热问题始终是贯穿航空发动机设计、制造的核心问题. 随着航空发动机风扇和喷流噪声得到大幅控制, 涡轮噪声逐渐凸显. 并日益受到关注. 为推动航空发动机涡轮流动换热及噪声数值模拟方法的工程应用, 首先. 以航空发动机涡轮中复杂湍流及流动换热问题为主线. 分别阐述了旋转盘腔、旋转叶片流动及换热问题数值模拟的研究现状; 其次. 对航空发动机涡轮噪声研究现状进行分析. 总结了常用涡轮噪声预测方法和存在的问题. 在此基础上. 面向工程实际需求. 对航空发动机涡轮流动、换热与噪声数值模拟进行了展望.

关键词: 涡轮, 流动换热, 气动噪声, 数值模拟

Abstract:

The development of reliable, efficient and low noise engine is an unremitting pursuit of aviation industry. Turbine is one of the core components of aero-engine, and its flow and heat transfer are always the top issues throughout the design and manufacture. As the noise from the engine fan and jet has been greatly controlled, turbine noise has become more important and has gained extensive concerns. To stimulate the industrial usage of proposed numerical methods in turbine simulations, numerical methods and investigations of the complex turbulence flow, heat transfer and noise in aero-engine turbines are reviewed. Firstly, focus is placed on the state-of-art of flow and heat transfer simulation in rotating cavities and rotating blades. Secondly, the research status of aeroengine turbine noise is analyzed, and the numerical methods of noise prediction are reviewed. Based on this, suggestions on further development of numerical methods and specialized software for the simulation of turbine flow, heat transfer and noise are proposed.

Key words: turbine, flow and heat transfer, aerodynamic noise, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

TK124

严佳, 柴军生, 任国哲, 吴忱韩, 唐小龙, 杨小权, 丁珏, 翁培奋. 航空发动机涡轮流动及噪声数值模拟[J]. 上海大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 27(6): 993-1009.

YAN Jia, CHAI Junsheng, REN Guozhe, WU Chenhan, TANG Xiaolong, YANG Xiaoquan, DING Jue, WENG Peifen. Numerical simulations of aero-engine turbine flow and noise[J]. Journal of Shanghai University（Natural Science Edition）, 2021, 27(6): 993-1009.

图/表 9

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

参考文献 70

[1]	Kármán T V. Über laminare und turbulente reibung[J]. ZAMM-Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 1921, 1(4): 233-252. doi: 10.1002/zamm.v1:4
[2]	Cochran W. The flow due to a rotating disc[C]// Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1934: 365-375.
[3]	Daily J W, Nece R E. Chamber dimension effects on induced flow and frictional resistance of enclosed rotating disks[J]. Journal of Basic Engineering, 1960, 82(1): 217-230. doi: 10.1115/1.3662532
[4]	Sambo A S. Numerical computation of laminar flows in rotor-stator cavities[C]// Numerical Methods in Laminar and Turbulent Flow. 1985: 274-286.
[5]	Long C A, Tucker P G. Shroud heat transfer measurements from a rotating cavity with an axial throughflow of air[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery, 1994, 116(3): 525-534. doi: 10.1115/1.2929441
[6]	Koosinlin M L, Launder B E, Sharma B I. Prediction of momentum, heat and mass transfer in swirling, turbulent boundary layers[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 1974, 96(2): 204-209. doi: 10.1115/1.3450165
[7]	Lapworth B L, Chew J W. A numerical study of the influence of disc geometry on the flow and heat transfer in a rotating cavity[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery, 1990, 114(1): 256-263. doi: 10.1115/1.2927993
[8]	孟伟, 徐国强, 罗翔, 等. 高位进气转静系旋转盘流动与换热的数值模拟[J]. 热科学与技术, 2006(1): 32-37.
	Meng W, Xu G Q, Luo X, et al. Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in shrouded rotating disk with high positioned axial inlet[J]. Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, 2006(1): 32-37.
[9]	王美丽, 周彬, 刘松龄. 涡轮盘腔内流动和传热的数值模拟[J]. 航空动力学报, 1995(4): 68-71.
	Wang M L, ZHOU B, Liu S L. Numerical simulation of flow and heat transfer in turbine disc cavity[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 1995(4): 68-71.
[10]	Chew J. Prediction of flow in rotating disc systems using the $k$-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model[C]// SME International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. 1984.
[11]	Morse A. Numerical prediction of turbulent flow in rotating cavities[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery, 1988, 110(2): 202-212. doi: 10.1115/1.3262181
[12]	Iacovides H, Theofanopoulos I P. turbulence modeling of axisymmetric flow inside rotating cavities[J]. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 1991, 12(1): 2-11. doi: 10.1016/0142-727X(91)90002-D
[13]	张靖周, 吉洪湖, 王锁芳. 具有径向进出流的转-静盘腔流动与换热的数值研究[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2001(增刊 1): 137-140.
	Zhang J Z, Ji H H, Wang S F. Numerical study for turbulent flow and heat transfer inside rotor-stator disc cavity with radial outflow[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2001(Suppl. 1): 137-140.
[14]	白洛林, 冯青, 刘松龄. 湍流参数对复杂形状涡轮盘腔流场的数值研究[J]. 推进技术, 2003(4): 344-347.
	Bai L L, Feng Q, Liu S L. Numerical investigation of turbulence parameter on flow field of rotating disc cavity with complex geometry[J]. Journal of Propulsion Technology, 2003(4): 344-347.
[15]	白洛林, 冯青, 刘松龄, 等. 预旋进气的盘腔系统内流场的数值研究[J]. 推进技术, 2003(2): 135-138.
	Bai L L, Feng Q, Liu S L, et al. Numerical investigation on preswirl flow in rotating disc system[J]. Jourmal of Propulsion Technolology, 2003(2): 135-138.
[16]	张晶辉, 张振扬. 涡轮盘腔径向封严流动的非定常数值研究[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2021, 42(9): 100-105.
	Zhang J H, Zhang Z Y. Unsteady numerical investigation of radial rim seal flow in a turbine cavity[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2021, 42(9): 100-105.
[17]	丁水汀, 邓长春, 邱天. 中心进气旋转盘腔换热特性对无量纲参数的敏感性分析[J]. 航空学报, 2019, 40(12): 23-31.
	Ding S T, Deng C C, Qiu T. Sensibility analysis of heat transfer characteristics to dimensionless criterion in central inlet rotating disk cavity[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica. 2019, 40(12): 23-31.
[18]	Liao G, Wang X, Li J. Numerical investigation of the pre-swirl rotor-stator system of the first stage in gas turbine[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014, 73(1): 940-952. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.08.054
[19]	Andersson H I, Lygren M. LES of open rotor-stator flow[J]. International Journal of Heat & Fluid Flow, 2006, 27(4): 551-557.
[20]	Gao F, Chew J W, Beard P F, et al. Large-eddy simulation of unsteady turbine rim sealing flows[J]. International Journal of Heat & Fluid Flow, 2018, 70:160-170.
[21]	Tuliszka-Sznitko E, Zielinski A, Majchrowski W. LES of the non-isothermal transitional flow in rotating cavity[J]. International Journal of Heat & Fluid Flow, 2009, 30(3): 534-548.
[22]	Tuliszka-sznitko E, Majchrowski W, Kieczewski K. Investigation of transitional and turbulent heat and momentum transport in a rotating cavity[J]. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 2012, 35:52-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2012.02.002
[23]	Lygren M, Andersson H I. Large eddy simulations of the turbulent flow between a rotating and a stationary disk[J]. Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Mathematik Und Physik Zamp, 2004, 55(2): 268-281.
[24]	Randriamampianina A, Poncet S. Turbulence characteristics of the bdewadt layer in a large enclosed rotor-stator system[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2006, 18(5): 055104. doi: 10.1063/1.2204049
[25]	Serre E, Bontoux P, Launder B E. Direct numerical simulation of transitional turbulent flow in a closed rotor-stator cavity[J]. Flow Turbulence and Combustion, 2002, 69(1): 35-50. doi: 10.1023/A:1022467232348
[26]	Boyle R J. Navier-Stokes analysis of turbine blade heat transfer[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery, 1990, 113(3): 392-403. doi: 10.1115/1.2927888
[27]	Boyle R J, Giel P W. Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes heat transfer predictions for turbine blade rows[J]. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 1995, 11(6): 1179-1186. doi: 10.2514/3.23957
[28]	Boyle R J, Ameri A A. Grid orthogonality effects on predicted turbine midspan heat transfer and performance[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery, 1994, 119(1): 31-38. doi: 10.1115/1.2841008
[29]	Ameri A A, Arnone A. Transition modeling effects on turbine rotor blade heat transfer predictions[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery, 1994, 118(2): 307-313. doi: 10.1115/1.2836641
[30]	Tutar M, Sonmez U. The computational modeling of transitional flow through a transonic linear turbine: comparative performance of various turbulence models[J]. Numerical Heat Transfer Applications, 2010, 58(5): 403-427.
[31]	Bhaskaran R, Lele S K. Large eddy simulation of free-stream turbulence effects on heat transfer to a high-pressure turbine cascade[J]. Journal of Turbulence, 2010, 11(6): 1-15.
[32]	王鹏, 邹正平, 刘斌, 等. 雷诺数对涡轮叶片换热影响的研究[J]. 工程力学, 2012, 29(9): 349-358.
	Wang P, Zou Z P, Liu B, et al. Comparative analysis of turbine blade surface heat transfer at different reynolds numbers[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2012, 29(9): 349-358.
[33]	李虹杨, 郑赟. 粗糙度对涡轮叶片流动转捩及传热特性的影响[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2016, 42(10): 2038-2047.
	Li H Y, Zheng Y. Effect of surface roughness on flow transition and heat transfer of turbine blade[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016, 42(10): 2038-2047.
[34]	江立军, 曹俊, 陶焰明, 等. 燃烧室涡轮交互作用尺度自适应模拟[J]. 航空动力学报, 2021, 36(10): 2186-2196.
	Jiang L J, Cao J, Tao Y M, et al. Combustor turbine interaction based on scale adaptive simulation[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2021, 36(10): 2186-2196.
[35]	张国花, 谢公南, Sunden B, 等. 截断肋排布方式对内冷通道换热性能的影响[J]. 南京航空航天大学学报, 2021, 53(4): 504-512.
	Zhang G H, Xie G N, Sunden B, et al. Effects of arrangements of truncated ribs on heat transfer performance in internal cooling channel[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 2021, 53(4): 504-512.
[36]	McGovern K T, Leylek J. A detailed analysis of film-cooling physics: Part II-compound-angle injection with cylindrical holes[C]// ASME International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. 1997.
[37]	Garg V K. Adiabatic effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient on a film-cooled rotating blade[J]. Numerical Heat Transfer, 1997, 32(8): 811-830.
[38]	Voigt S, Noll B, Aigner M. Aerodynamic comparison and validation of rans, urans and sas simulations of flat plate film-cooling[C]// Asme Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea & Air. 2010.
[39]	Takahashi T, Funazaki K I, Saileh H B, et al. Assessment of URANS and DES for prediction of leading edge film cooling[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery, 2011, 134(3): 1387-1399.
[40]	姚玉, 张靖周, 何飞, 等. 涡轮叶片吸力面上收敛缝形孔气膜冷却效率的数值研究[J]. 航空学报, 2010, 31(6): 1115-1120.
	Yao Y, Zhang J Z, He F, et al. Numerical investigation on film cooling effectiveness of converging slot hole at turbine blade suction surface[J]. Acta Aeronautica Et Astronautica Sinica, 2010, 31(6): 1115-1120.
[41]	杨蓓洁, 谭晓茗, 单勇, 等. 肋条结构对气膜冷却凹槽叶尖流动换热的影响[J]. 航空动力学报, 2021, 36(7): 1462-1471.
	Yang B J, Tan X M, Shan Y, et al. Effects of rib structure on flow and heat transfer characteristics of film cooling rotor blade with squealer tip[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2021, 36(7): 1462-1471.
[42]	孟通, 朱惠人, 刘存良, 等. 气膜孔内流动结构对冷却效率的影响[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2019, 40(12): 2904-2911.
	Meng T, Zhu H R, Liu C L, et al. Influence of vortex within film cooling hole on film cooling efficiency[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2019, 40(12): 2904-2911.
[43]	Wang H, Tao Z, Zhou Z, et al. A study for the film cooling performance on the turbine blade suction side tip region under rotating conditions[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 138:483-495. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.03.110
[44]	刘言明, 李东明, 牛夕莹, 等. 基于逆向工程的涡轮冷却叶片三维建模及数值模拟[J]. 热能动力工程, 2021, 36(6): 57-62.
	Liu Y M, Li D M, Niu X Y, et al. Three-dimensional modeling and numerical simulation of turbine cooling blades based on reverse engineering[J]. Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2021, 36(6): 57-62.
[45]	Hultgren L S. Editorial: emerging importance of turbine noise[J]. International Journal of Aeroacoustics, 2010, 10(1): 1-4. doi: 10.1260/1475-472X.10.1.1
[46]	Nesbitt E. Towards a quieter low pressure turbine: design characteristics and prediction needs[J]. International Journal of Aeroacoustics, 2010, 10(1): 1-15. doi: 10.1260/1475-472X.10.1.1
[47]	Mathews D, Nagel R, Kester J. Review of theory and methods for turbine noise prediction[C]// 2nd Aeroacoustics Conference. 1975.
[48]	Kazin S, Matta R. Turbine noise generation, reduction and prediction[C]// 2nd Aeroacoustics Conference. 1975.
[49]	Pickett G. Core engine noise due to temperature fluctuations convecting throughturbine blade rows[C]// Aeroacoustics Conference. 2013.
[50]	Tyler J M, Sofrin T G. Axial flow compressor noise studies [R]. SAE Technical Paper, 1962: 620532.
[51]	Kaji S, Okazaki T. Generation of sound by rotor-stator Interaction[J]. Journal of Sound & Vibration, 1970, 13(3): 281-307.
[52]	Sears W R. Some aspects of non-stationary airfoil theory and its practical application[J]. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, 1941, 8(3): 104-108. doi: 10.2514/8.10655
[53]	Cumpsty N A, Marble F E. The interaction of entropy fluctuations with turbine blade rows: a mechanism of turbojet engine noise[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, 1977, 357(1690): 323-344.
[54]	Duran I, Moreau S. Study of the attenuation of waves propagating through fixed and rotating turbine blades[C]// 18th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. 2012: 2133.
[55]	Doyle V, Matta R. Attenuation of upstream-generated low frequency noise by gas turbines[R]. NASA Report, 1977: CR-135219.
[56]	Redonnet S. Aircraft noise prediction via aeroacoustic hybrid methods-development and application of onera tools over the last decade: some examples [R]. Aerospace Lab, Alain Appriou, 2014: 1-16.
[57]	Atkins H, Atkins H. Continued development of the discontinuous galerkin method for computational aeroacoustic applications[C]// 3rd AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. 1997: 1581.
[58]	Ewert R, Schrder W. Acoustic perturbation equations based on flow decomposition via source filtering[J]. Journal of Computational Physics, 2003, 188(2): 365-398. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9991(03)00168-2
[59]	Ewert R. CAA slat noise studies applying stochastic sound sources based on solenoidal digital filters[C]// 11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. 2005: 2862.
[60]	Ewert R. Slat noise trend predictions using caa with stochastic sound sources from a random particle mesh method (RPM)[C]// 12th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. 2006: 2667.
[61]	Farassat F, Myers M K. Extension of kirchhoff's formula to radiation from moving surfaces[J]. Journal of Sound & Vibration, 1987, 123(3): 451-460.
[62]	Kahl G, Klose A. Computation of time linearized transonic flow in oscillating cascades[C]// Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1993: 93-GT-269.
[63]	Kennepohl F, Kahl G, Heinig K. Turbine blade/vane interaction noise-calculation with a 3D time-linearised euler method[C]// 7th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit. 2001: 2152.
[64]	Broszat D, Korte D, Tapken U, et al. Validation of turbine noise prediction tools with acoustic rig measurements[C]// 15th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. 2009: 3283.
[65]	Korte D, Hüttl T, Kennepohl F, et al. Numerical simulation of multistage turbine sound generation and propagation[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2005, 9(2): 125-134. doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2004.12.002
[66]	Vanzante D, Envia E. A numerical investigation of turbine noise source hierarchy and its acoustic transmission characteristics [R]. NASA Report. 2008: 16786.
[67]	Wang G, Moreau S, Duchaine F, et al. Large eddy simulations of the MT1 high-pressure turbine using turboAVBP[C]// Proceeding of 21st Annual Conference of the CFD Society of Canada. 2013: 70-106.
[68]	Papadogiannis D, Wang G, Duchaine F, et al. Large eddy simulation of a high pressure turbine stage: effects of sub-grid scale modeling and mesh resolution[C]// Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 2014.
[69]	Papadogiannis D, Wang G, Stéphane M, et al. Assessment of the indirect combustion noise generated in a transonic high-pressure turbine stage[J]. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2016, 138(4): 041503. doi: 10.1115/1.4031404
[70]	Wang G, Sanjose M, Stéphane M, et al. Noise mechanisms in a transonic high-pressure turbine stage[J]. International Journal of Aeroacoustics, 2016, 15(1): 144-161. doi: 10.1177/1475472X16630870